MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS (STRENGTH
OF MATERIALS)
MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
INTRODUCTION: STRESS
• Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that studies the internal
effects of stress and strain in a solid body.

• Stress is associated with the strength of the material from which the body
is made, while strain is a measure of the deformation of the body.

• A thorough understanding of the fundamentals of this subject is of vital

importance for the design of any machine or structure, because many of
the formulas and rules of design cited in engineering codes are based
upon the principles of this subject.
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE BODY
Loads
A body can be subjected to both surface loads
and body forces. Surface loads that act on a
small area of contact are reported by
concentrated forces, while distributed
loadings act over a larger surface area of the
body. When the loading is coplanar, then a
resultant force FR of a distributed loading is
equal to the area under the distributed loading
diagram, and this resultant acts through the
geometric center or centroid of this area.
A body force is developed when one body exerts
a force on another body without direct physical
contact between the bodies.
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE
BODY

Support Reactions
For bodies subjected to coplanar force systems, the supports most
commonly encountered are shown in Table 1–1. As a general rule, if the
support prevents translation in a given direction, then a force must
be developed on the member in that direction. Likewise, if rotation is
prevented, a couple moment must be exerted on the member.
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE
BODY
Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of forces, to prevent the body
from translating or having accelerated motion along a straight or curved path,
and a balance of moments, to prevent the body from rotating.
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE
BODY

Internal Resultant Loadings

In mechanics of materials, statics is primarily used to determine the

resultant loadings that act within a body. This is done using the method of
sections.
EQUILIBRIUM OF A DEFORMABLE
BODY
Four different types of resultant loadings can then be defined as follows:

Normal force, N. This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is developed

whenever the external loads tend to push or pull on the two segments of the body.
Shear force, V. The shear force lies in the plane of the area, and it is the body to
slide over one another.
Torsional moment or torque, T. This effect is developed when the external loads
tend to twist one segment of the body with respect to the other about an axis
perpendicular to the area.
Bending moment, M. The bending moment is caused by the external loads that
tend to bend the body about an axis lying within the plane of the area.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Determine the resultant

internal loadings acting on
the cross section at C of
the cantilevered beam
show.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2

The 500-kg engine is suspended

from the crane boom. Determine
the resultant internal loadings
acting on the cross section of the
boom at point E.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3

Determine the resultant

internal loadings acting on
the cross section at C of the
beam shown.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 4

Determine the resultant

internal loadings acting on the
cross section at B of the pipe
shown. End A is subjected to a
vertical force of 50 N, a
horizontal force of 30 N, and a
couple moment of 70 N / m.
Neglect the pipe’s mass.
STRESS

Stress describes the intensity of the internal force acting on a specific plane
(area) passing through a point.

Normal Stress. The intensity of the force acting normal to ∆A is referred to

as the normal stress, ơ (sigma).

Shear Stress. The intensity of force acting tangent to ∆A is called the shear
stress, Ƭ (tau)
 STRESS
General State of Stress. If the body is further
sectioned by planes parallel to the x–z plane, and
the y–z plane, we can then “cut out” a cubic volume
element of material that represents the state of
stress acting around a chosen point in the body.

Units. Since stress represents a force per unit area,

in the International Standard or SI system, the
magnitudes of both normal and shear stress are
specified in the basic units of Newtons per square
meter (N/m² ). This combination of units is called a
Pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/m² )
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN
AXIALLY LOADED BAR
Average Normal Stress Distribution
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN
AXIALLY LOADED BAR
Average Normal Stress Distribution
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN
AXIALLY LOADED BAR
Equilibrium
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN
AXIALLY LOADED BAR
Maximum Average Normal Stress
For our analysis, both the internal force N and the cross-sectional area A
were constant along the longitudinal axis of the bar, and as a result the
normal stress ơ = N/A is also constant throughout the bar’s length.

Occasionally, however, the bar may be subjected to several external axial

loads, or a change in its cross-sectional area may occur. As a result, the
normal stress within the bar may be different from one section to the next,
and, if the maximum average normal stress is to be determined, then it
becomes important to find the location where the ratio N/A is a maximum.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 5

The bar has a constant width

of 35 mm and a thickness of
10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal
stress in the bar when it is
subjected to the loading shown
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 6

The 80-kg lamp is supported by two

rods AB and BC as shown. If AB has
a diameter of 10 mm and BC has a
diameter of 8 mm, determine the
average normal stress in each rod.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 7

The cylinder shown is made of

steel having a specific weight of
ϒst = 490 lb/ft³ . Determine the
average compressive stress
acting at points A and B.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8

Member AC shown is subjected to

a vertical force of 3 kN.
Determine the position x of this
force so that the average
compressive stress at the smooth
support C is equal to the average
tensile stress in the tie rod AB.
The rod has a cross-sectional area
of 400 mm² and the contact area
at C is 650 mm² .
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

Shear stress has been as the stress component that acts in the plane of the
sectioned area.
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

The average shear stress distributed over each sectioned area that develops
this shear force is defined by
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

• The distribution of average shear stress acting over the sections is shown
in the previous slide. Notice that Ƭavg is in the same direction as V, since
the shear stress must create associated forces, all of which contribute to
the internal resultant force V.

• The loading case discussed here is an example of simple or direct shear,

since the shear is caused by the direct action of the applied load F. This
type of shear often occurs in various types of simple connections that use
bolts, pins, welding material, etc. In all these cases, however, the
application of the formula is only approximate.
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

Shear Stress Equilibrium

EXAMPLE PROBLEM 9

Determine the average

shear stress in the 20-mm-
diameter pin at A and the
30-mm-diameter pin at B
that support the beam.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 10

If the wood joint has a thickness of

150 mm, determine the average
shear stress along shear planes a–a
and b–b of the connected member.
For each plane, represent the state
of stress on an element of the
material.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 11

The inclined member is subjected

to a compressive force of 600 lb.
Determine the average
compressive stress along the
smooth areas of contact at AB
and BC, and the average shear
stress along the horizontal plane
DB.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 12

The control arm is subjected to

the loading shown. Determine to
the nearest 1 4 in. the required
diameters of the steel pins at A
and C if the factor of safety for
shear is F.S. = 1.5 and the failure
shear stress is Ƭfail = 12 ksi.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 13

The suspender rod is supported at

its end by a fixed-connected circular
disk as shown in. If the rod passes
through a 40-mm-diameter hole,
determine the minimum required
diameter of the rod and the
minimum thickness of the disk
needed to support the 20-kN load.
The allowable normal stress for the
rod is ơallow = 60 MPa, and the
allowable shear stress for the disk
is Ƭallow = 35 MPa.
BEARING STRESS

If two bodies are pressed against each other, compressive forces are devel
oped on the area of contact. The pressure caused by these surface loads is
called bearing stress. Examples of bearing stress are the soil pressure
beneath a pier and the contact pressure between a rivet and the side of its
hole. If the bearing stress is large enough, it can locally crush the material,
which in turn can lead to more serious problems. To reduce bearing
stresses, engineers sometimes employ bearing plates, the purpose of which
is to distribute the contact forces over a larger area.
 BEARING STRESS
The bearing stress caused by the rivet is not constant; it
actually varies from zero at the sides of the hole to a maximum
behind the rivet as illustrated. The diffculty inherent in such a
complicated stress distribution is avoided by the common
practice of assuming that the bearing stress ơ b is uniformly
distributed over a reduced area. The reduced area A b is taken
to be the projected area of the rivet:

where t is the thickness of the plate and d represents the

diameter of the rivet, as shown in the FBD of the upper plate in.
From this FBD we see that the bearing force Pb equals the
applied load P (the bearing load will be reduced if there is
friction between the plates), so that the bearing stress becomes
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 14

Determine the largest load P that can be

applied to the bars of the lap joint
shown. The bolt has a diameter of 10
mm and an allowable shear stress of 80
MPa. Each plate has an allowable
tensile stress of 50 MPa, an allowable
bearing stress of 80 MPa, and an
allowable shear stress of 30 MPa.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 15

The lap joint shown is fastened

by four rivets of 3/4-in. diameter.
Find the maximum load P that
can be applied if the working
stresses are 14ksi for shear in
the rivet and 18ksi for bearing
in the plate. Assume that the
applied load is distributed
evenly among the four rivets,
and neglect friction between the
plates.
STRESSES ON INCLINED SECTIONS
STRESSES ON INCLINED SECTIONS
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 15

Shown here is a 120mm wide steel bar with a butt-welded joint, which
carries an axial tension load of 180 kN. Calculate the minimum thickness of
the bar if the normal and shear stresses on the plane of the butt weld must
be limited to 70 Mpa and 50 Mpa respectively.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM 16

The rectangular wood panel is

formed by gluing together two
boards along the 30 degree
seam as shown in the figure.
Determine the largest axial
force P that can be carried
safely by the panel if the
working stress for the wood is
1120 psi, and the normal and
shear stresses in the glue are
limited to 700 psi and 450 psi,
respectively.
THE END!!

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