Ruby- Origins and Uses of Ruby

• Ruby is "A Programmer's Best Friend".

• Designed by Yukihiro Matsumoto; released in 1996
• Use spread rapidly in Japan
• Use is now growing in part because of its use in Rails
• A pure object-oriented purely interpreted scripting language
• Related to Perl and JavaScript, but not closely
Features of ruby
• Ruby is an open-source and is freely available on the Web, but it is subject to a license.
● Ruby is a general-purpose, interpreted programming language.
● Ruby is a true object-oriented programming language.
● Ruby is a server-side scripting language similar to Python and PERL.
● Ruby can be embedded into Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
● Ruby has a clean and easy syntax that allows a new developer to learn very quickly and easily.
● Ruby is very much scalable and big programs written in Ruby are easily maintainable.
● Ruby can be used for developing Internet and intranet applications.
● Ruby can be installed in Windows and POSIX environments.
● Ruby support many GUI tools such as Tcl/Tk, GTK, and OpenGL.
● Ruby can easily be connected to DB2, MySQL, Oracle, and Sybase.
● Ruby has a rich set of built-in functions, which can be used directly into Ruby scripts.
Ruby- Data Types- Strings
• Strings: A string is made up of multiple characters. They are defined
by enclosing a set of characters within single (‘x’) or double (“x”)
quotes.
puts ”hello world”
Ruby- Data Types- Numbers
• Numbers :
• A number is a series of digits that use a dot as a decimal mark (where
one is required).
• Integers and floats are the two main kinds of numbers; Ruby can
handle them both
• Example
distance = 0.1
Ruby- Data Types- Boolean
• The Boolean data type represents only one bit of information that
says whether the value is true or false.
• A value of this data type is returned when two values are compared.
• In Ruby there are three main boolean operators:
• ! which represents “NOT”,
• && represents “AND”
• || represents “OR”.
• == for compare two values
Ruby- Data Types- Arrays
• An array can store multiple data items of all types
• Items in an array are separated by a comma in-between them and
enclosed within square brackets.
• The first item of the array has an index of 0
ary = [ "fred", 10, 3.14, "This is a string", "last element", ]
ary.each do |i|
puts i
end
Ruby- Data Types- Hashes
• A hash stores key-value pairs.
• Assigning a value to a key is done by using the => sign.
• Key-value pairs are separated by commas, and all the pairs are
enclosed within curly braces
hsh = colors = { "red" => 0xf00, "green" => 0x0f0, "blue" => 0x00f }
Ruby- Data Types- Symbols
• Symbols are a lighter form of strings.
• They are preceded by a colon (:), and used instead of strings because
they take up less memory space and have a better performance.
• domains = {:sk => “Apple", :no => “Banana“}
Ruby- Operations/Methods on
Numbers
Method Use Example
.even? Use .even? to check whether or not an integer is even. 15.even? #=> false
Returns a true or false boolean.
.odd? Use .odd? to check whether or not an integer is odd. 15.odd? #=> true
Returns a true or false boolean.
.ceil The .ceil method rounds floats up to the nearest number. 8.3.ceil #=> 9
Returns an integer.
.floor The .floor method rounds floats down to the nearest 8.3.floor #=> 8
number. Returns an integer.
.pred return the previous consecutive integer 15.pred #=> 14
.to_s returns a string of that number. 15.to_s #=> "15"
Ruby- Operations/Methods on String
Method Use Example
str.chars Convert a String to a character array char_array = "abcdeABCDE".chars
str.size Get the length of a String "HELLO World".length "HELLO
str.length World".size
str.reverse Reverse a String str = "Anna" str.reverse
str.include? Search for one or more characters of a String "Hello world".include?("w")
str.downcase will convert each character of a string into lowercase "HELLO World".downcase # "hello world"
str.upcase will convert each character of a string into uppercase "hello worlD".upcase # "HELLO WORLD"
Simple Input and Output
• gets method is used to take input from keyboard
• This method reads line of input
• gets.to_i to take integer value & gets.to_f for float value
• Example:
puts “Enter your age”
age=gets.to_i
Ruby if...else Statement
• Syntax • Example
if conditional [then] x=1
code... if x > 2
[elsif conditional [then] puts "x is greater than 2"
code...]... elsif x <= 2 and x!=0
[else puts "x is 1"
code...] else
end puts "I can't guess the number"
end
Ruby unless Statement
Executes code if conditional is false. If the conditional is true, code specified in the else clause is executed.

• Syntax • Example
unless conditional x=1
[then] code unless x>=2
[else puts "x is less than 2"
code else
] end puts "x is greater than 2"
end
Ruby case Statement
• Syntax • Example
$age = 5
case expression case $age
[when expression [, expression ...] when 0 .. 2
[then] when 3 .. 6
when 7 .. 12
code ]... [else
puts "baby"
code ] end puts "little child"
puts "child"
when 13 .. 18 puts "youth"
else puts "adult"
end
Ruby- Arrays
• Ruby arrays are ordered, integer-indexed collections of any object.
Each element in an array is associated with and referred to by an
index
• An index of -1 indicates the last element of the array, -2 is the next to
last element in the array, and so on.
• Ruby arrays can hold objects such as String, Integer, Fixnum, Hash,
Symbol, even other Array objects.
Arrays
• cars = Array.new
• cars = Array.new (20)
• CARS= Array.new(3, "Oddi")
 Ruby- Array Built-in Methods
Method Example Use
.length array.length The .length method tallies the number of elements in your array and
returns the count
.first array.first The .first method accesses the first element of the array, the element at
index 0
.last array.last The .last method accesses the last element of the array
.take array.take(3) The .take method returns the first n elements of the array
.drop array.drop(3) The .drop method returns the elements after n elements of the array
.pop array.pop The .pop method will permanently remove the last element of an array
.push array.push(98) The .push method will allow you to add an element to the end of an array
Ruby- Hashes
• A Hash is a collection of key-value pairs like this: "employee" =>
"salary". It is similar to an Array, except that indexing is done via
arbitrary keys of any object type, not an integer index.
• If you attempt to access a hash with a key that does not exist, the
method will return nil.
Ruby- Hashes
months = Hash.new
months = Hash.new( "month")
H = Hash["a" => 100,"b" => 200]
Ruby- Hashes Vs Array
Hashes Arrays
whereas hashes support any object as a With arrays, the key is an integer
key
Elements in Hash are not ordered Elements in Array are in ordered
Example: months = Hash.new Example: cars = Array.new
Methods
• Ruby methods prevent us from writing the same code in a program
again and again.
• It is a set of expression that returns a value.
• Defining Method
• Ruby method is defined with the def keyword followed by method name.
• At the end use end keyword.
• Methods name should always start with a lowercase letter
Methods
• Syntax: • Example:
def def welcome
methodName puts “Welcome
code... dear Students”
end end
Methods
• Local variables
• The Local variables either are formal parameters or are variables
created in a method. A variable is created in a method by assigning an
object to it. The scope of a local variable is from the header of the
method to the end of the method.
• Parameters
• The parameter values that appear in a call to a method are called
actual parameters.
• The parameter names used in the method, which correspond to the
actual parameters, are called formal parameters
Classes
• Each Ruby class is an instance of class Class. Classes in Ruby are first-
class objects.
• Ruby class always starts with the keyword class followed by the class
name. Conventionally, for class name we use CamelCase. The class
name should always start with a capital letter. Defining class is
finished with end keyword
Classes
• Syntax: • Example
class Class Vehicle {
ClassName Number no_of_wheels
codes... String Name
end Function speeding {
}
Function driving {
}
}
Classes
• Inheritance
• Subclasses are defined in Ruby with the left angle bracket (<):
• class My_Subclass < Base_class
• Ruby modules provide a naming encapsulation that is often used to
define libraries of methods
Code Blocks
• Ruby code blocks are called closures in other programming languages. It consist of a group of codes
which is always enclosed with braces or written between do..end.
• A block is written in two ways,
1.Multi-line between
do .. end
Example:
do
club.enroll(person
) person.socialize
end
2.Inline between braces { }
Example: { puts
"Hello" }
Iterators- Examples
• The word iterate means doing one thing multiple times.
• “Iterators” is the object-oriented concept in Ruby.
• Iterators are the methods which are supported by collections(Arrays, Hashes
etc.).
• There are many iterators in Ruby as follows:
1. Each Iterator
2. Collect Iterator
3. Times Iterator
4. Upto Iterator
5. Downto Iterator
6. Step Iterator
7. Each_Line Iterator
Iterators- Examples
Each iterator Times iterator Upto iterator downto iterator
Example: Example: Example: Example:
7.times do |i| 7.upto(4) do |i| 7.downto(4) do |i|
(0..9) . each do | i |
puts puts i puts i
puts i
i end end end
end
Ruby- Pattern Matching
• Pattern matching is a feature that is commonly found in functional
programming languages.
• A regular expression is a sequence of characters that define a search
pattern, mainly for use in pattern matching with strings.
• ~ / / This is used for Pattern matching or else can use .match() method
• Example:-
line1 = "Cats are smarter than dogs";
if ( line1 = ~ / Cats( . *) / )
puts "Line 1 contains Cats"
end
Pattern Matching- Regular
Expression
• short expressions for specifying • Modifiers
character ranges • + is for 1 or more characters
• \w is equivalent to [0-9a-zA-Z_] • * is for 0 or more characters
• \d is the same as [0-9] • ? is for 0 or 1 character
• \s matches white space • i is for ignores case when
• \W anything that’s not in [0-9a- matching text.
zAZ_] • m is for matches multiple lines
• \D anything that’s not a number • ^ Beginning of Line
• \S anything that’s not a space • $ End of Line
Pattern Matching- Example

• Remembering Matches The part of the string that matched a part of

the pattern can be saved in an implicit variable for later use. The part of
the pattern whose match you want to save is placed in parentheses.
The substring that matched the first parenthesized part of the pattern
is saved in $1, the second in $2, and so forth.
Overview of Rail
• Ruby on Rails is a server-side web application development framework .
• Written in Ruby by David Heinemeier Hansson.
• It is based on MVC pattern.
• You could develop a web application at least ten times faster with Rails
than you could with a typical Java framework.
• An open source Ruby framework for developing database-backed web
applications.
• Configure your code with Database Schema.
• No compilation phase required.
Why Ruby on Rails?
1. Easy to learn
2. Open source (very liberal license)
3. Rich libraries
4. Very easy to extend
5. Truly object-oriented
6. Less coding with fewer bugs
7. Helpful communication
Overview of Rail
Where to use Ruby on Rails?
• You can use Ruby on Rails application in various area of web
development like in a
• long term project which needs large transformation,
• in the project that has heavy traffic,
• to develop a short prototype,
• in a project that requires wide range of complex functions, etc.
Advantages of Ruby on Rails
1. Tooling: Rails provides tooling that helps us to deliver more features in less time.
2. Libraries: There’s a 3rd party module(gem) for just about anything we can think
of.
3. Code Quality: Ruby code quality significantly higher than PHP or NodeJS equivalents.
4. Test Automation: The Ruby community is big into and test automation and
testing.
5. Large Community: Ruby is large in the community.
6. Productivity: Ruby is incredibly fast from another language. Its productivity is
high.
Disadvantages of Ruby on Rails
1. Runtime Speed: The run time speed of Ruby on Rails is slow as
compare to Node.Js
2. Lack of Flexibility
3. Boot Speed
4. Documentation
5. Multithreading: Ruby on Rails supports multithreading, but some IO
libraries do not support multithreading
Rails Applications and Databases
• Rails uses an object-relational mapping (ORM) approach to relate the
parts of a relational database to object-oriented constructs.
• Each relational database table is implicitly mapped to a class.
• For example, if the database has a table named employees, the Rails
application program that uses employees will have a class named
Employee.
• Rows of the employees table will have corresponding objects of the
Employee class which will have methods to get and set the various
state variables, which are Ruby attributes of objects of the class
Rails Applications and Databases
• In sum, an ORM maps
○ tables to classes,
○ rows to objects, and
○ columns to the fields of the objects.
• Furthermore, the Employee class will have methods for performing
table-level operationssuch as finding an object with a certain attribute
value.
• The key aspect of the ORM in Rails is that it is implicit: The classes,
objects, methods, anattributes that represent a database in Ruby are
automatically built by Rails
Rails Applications and Databases-
Example
• For this example, we create a new application named cars in the
examples directory with the following command:
>rails -d mysql cars
• The d flag followed by mysql appears in the rails command in order to
tell Rails that this application will use a MySQL database.
Document Request
Document Request - Static
• Static Documents: Hello, World in Rails:
• This section describes how to build a Hello, World application in Rails.
• The purpose of such an exercise is to demonstrate the directory structure of
the simplest possible Rails application, showing what files must be created
and where they must reside in the directory structure
Document Request - Static
1. Create a new subdirectory.
Example- We created a subdirectory named examples for the example
applications.
2. Next, move to the examples directory and create a new Rails application
named greet with the following command:
> rails greet
3. Rails responds by creating more than 45 files in more than 30 directories.
Most interesting of which at this point is app. The app directory has four
subdirectories
Document Request - Static
• The app directory has four subdirectories:
1. models,
2. views,
3. controllers
4. helpers.
• The helpers subdirectory contains Rails-provided methods that aid in
constructing applications.
• Most of the user code to support an application will reside in models,
views, or controllers
• One of the directories created by the rails command is script, which has
several important Ruby scripts that perform services.
Directory Structure Created
Document Request - Static
• The class SayController inherits from ApplicationController, which is in
the file application.rb.
• The class ApplicationController is a subclass of ActionController, which
defines the basic functionality of a controller.
• Note that SayController produces the response to requests, so a
method must be added to it.
Document Request - Static
• Next, build the response document, or view file, which will be a simple
XHTML file to produce the greeting.
• The following is the template for the greet application:
<html>
<body>
<h1> Welcome, to Rail </h1>
</body>
</html>
• The extension on this file’s name is .html.erb because the file stores an
HTML document, but it may include embedded Ruby code
How Rails reacts to a request for a
static document
1. First, the name of the controller is extracted from the URL.
2. Next, an instance of the controller class —in our example, SayController—is
created.
3. The name of the action is then extracted from the URL—in our example, hello.
4. Then Rails searches for a template with the same name as the action method
in the subdirectory with the same name as the controller in the app/views
directory.
5. Next, the template file is given to ERb to interpret any Ruby code that is
embedded in the template.
6. Finally, the template file is returned to the requesting browser, which displays
it.
How Rails reacts to a request for a
static document
Document Request - Dynamic
document
• Dynamic documents can be constructed in Rails by embedding Ruby
code in a template file.
• As an example of a dynamic document, to display the current date
and time on the server
• Ruby code is embedded in a template file by placing it between the <
% and %> markers.
Document Request - Dynamic
document
• The date can be obtained by calling Ruby’s Time.now method,
• Which returns the current day of the week, month, day of the month,
time, time zone, and year, as a string.
• So, we can put the date in the response template with
• <p> It is now <%= Time.now %> </p>
Rails Layouts
● In Rails, layouts are pieces that fit together (for example header, footer,
menus, etc) to make a complete view.
● An application may have as many layouts as you want.
● Rails automatically pair up layouts with respective controllers having same
name.
● Rails layouts basically work on Don't Repeat Yourself principle (DRY).
● In Rails, layouts are enabled by default.
● Whenever you generate a new Rails application, a layout is automatically
generated for you in app/views/layouts.
● First we need to define a layout template and then define the path for
controller to know that layout exists.
Rails Layouts
Creating Responses
There are three ways to create an HTTP response from the controller's
point of view:
1. Call render to create a full response to send back to the browser
2. Call redirect_to to send an HTTP redirect status code to the browser
3. Call head to create a response to end back to the browser
Rails Layouts
● Importance of yield statement
● The yield statement in Rails decides where to render the content for
the action in layout.
● If there is no yield statement in the layout, the layout file itself will be
rendered but additional content into the action templates will not be
correctly placed within the layout.
● Hence, a yield statement is necessary to add in a layout file.
<%= yield %>
Rails Layouts
• Finding correct layout
• Rails searches for the layout with same name in the app/layouts
directory as the controllers name.
• For example, if you have a controller called abController, then rails will
search for layouts/ab.html.erb layout.
• If no layout with the same name is present, then it will use the default
layout
Rails Layouts
Relation between Rails Layouts and Templates
When a request is made in an application, following process occur:
1. Rails find a template for corresponding action to render method in your
controllers action.
2. Then finds correct layout to use.
3. It uses action template to generate a content specific to the action.
4. Finally it looks for the layout's yield statement and insert action's
template
here
Rails with Ajax
• Ajax stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.
• Ajax is not a single technology; it is a suite of several technologies as
following −
● XHTML for the markup of web pages
● CSS for the styling
● Dynamic display and interaction using the DOM
● Data manipulation and interchange using XML
● Data retrieval using XMLHttpRequest
● JavaScript as the glue that meshes all this together
Rails with Ajax
● Ajax enables you to retrieve data for a web page without having to
refresh the contents of the entire page.
● In the basic web architecture, the user clicks a link or submits a form.
● The form is submitted to the server, which then sends back a
response.
● The response is then displayed for the user on a new page.
Rails with Ajax
• How Rails Implements Ajax
• Once the browser has rendered and displayed the initial web page,
different user actions cause it to display a new web page or trigger an
Ajax operation −
1. Some trigger fires
2. The web client calls the server
3. The server does processing
4. The client receives the response
Rails with Ajax
AJAX Example:
In this example, we will provide, list, show and create operations on ponies table.
1. Creating An Application using command:- rails new ponies
2. Call the app directory using with cd command.
3. Migrate the database as follows command: rake db:migrate
4. Now Run the Rails application as follows command: rails s
5. Now open the web browser and call a url as http://localhost:3000/ponies/new
6. Creating an Ajax-Now open app/views/ponies/index.html.erb with suitable text
editors.
Update your destroy line with :remote => true, :class => 'delete_pony'
EJB: Overview
● EJB stands for Enterprise Java Beans.
● EJB is an essential part of a J2EE platform.
● EJB provides an architecture to develop and deploy component based
enterprise
applications considering robustness, high scalability, and high performance.
● When use Enterprise Java Bean?
○ Application needs Remote Access. In other words, it is distributed.
○ Application needs to be scalable. EJB applications supports load balancing, clustering
and failover.
○ Application needs encapsulated business logic. EJB application is separated from
presentation and persistent layer.
EJB: Overview
● EJB is an acronym for Enterprise Java Bean. It is a specification provided by Sun
Microsystems to develop secured, robust and scalable distributed applications.
● To run EJB application, you need an application server (EJB Container) such as
Jboss, Glassfish, Weblogic, Websphere etc. It performs: (Function of EJB)
1. Life cycle management
2. Security
3. Transaction management
4. Object pooling
● EJB application is deployed on the server, so it is called server side component
also.
● EJB is like COM (Component Object Model) provided by Microsoft. But, it is
different from Java Bean, RMI and Web Services.
TYPES OF EJB
There are 3 types of enterprise bean in java.
1. Session Bean
Session bean contains business logic that can be invoked by local, remote
or webservice client.
2. Message Driven Bean
Like Session Bean, it contains the business logic but it is invoked by passing
message.
3. Entity Bean
It encapsulates the state that can be persisted in the database. It is
deprecated. Now, it is replaced with JPA (Java Persistent API).
Advantages of EJB
1 EJB is an API, hence the application’s build on EJB can run on Java EE web
application server.
2. The EJB developer focuses on solving business problems and business logic.
3. Java beans are portable components that help the JAVA application assembler to
formulate new applications for the already existing JavaBeans.
4. EJB container helps in providing system-level services to enterprise Java beans.
5. EJB contains business logic hence the front end developer can focus on the
presentation of the client interface.
6. It provides simplified development of large scale enterprise level application.
Disadvantages of EJB
• Requires application server
• Requires only java client. For other language client, you need to go for
web service.
• Complex to understand and develop ejb applications.
• It takes time for development.
Types of EJB
Sr. No. Type & Description
1 Session Bean
Session bean stores data of a particular user for a single session. It can be stateful or stateless. It is
less resource intensive as compared to entity bean. Session bean gets destroyed as soon as user
session terminates
2 Entity Bean
Entity beans represent persistent data storage. User data can be saved to database via entity beans
and later on can be retrieved from the database in the entity bean
3 Message Driven
Bean Message driven beans are used in context of JMS (Java Messaging Service). Message Driven
Beans can consumes JMS messages from external entities and act accordingly.
Session beans
• Stateless Session bean is a business object that represents business
logic only. It doesn’t have state (data).
• In other words, conversational state between multiple method calls is
not maintained by the container in case of stateless session bean.
• The stateless bean objects are pooled by the EJB container to service
the request on demand.
• It can be accessed by one client at a time. In case of concurrent access,
EJB container routes each request to different instance.
• Annotations used in Stateless Session Bean
@Stateless
Session beans
● Stateful Session Bean
● Stateful Session bean is a business object that represents business
logic like stateless session bean. But, it maintains state (data).
● In other words, conversational state between multiple method calls is
maintained by the container in stateful session bean.
● Annotations used in Stateful Session Bean
● @Stateful
Message Driven Bean
● Message Driven Bean
● A message driven bean (MDB) is a bean that contains business logic. But, it is invoked by passing
the message. So, it is like JMS Receiver.
● MDB asynchronously receives the message and processes it.
● A message driven bean receives message from queue.
● A message driven bean is like stateless session bean that encapsulates the business logic and
doesn’t maintain state.
Entity beans
● Container-managed persistence—
○ The EJB container manages data by saving it to a designated resource, which is
normally a database.
○ For this to occur, you must define the data that the container is to manage within
the deployment descriptors.
○ The container manages the data by saving it to the database.
● Bean-managed persistence—
○ The bean implementation manages the data within callback methods.
○ All the logic for storing data to your persistent storage must be included in the
ejbStore method and reloaded from your storage in the ejbLoad method.
○ The container invokes these methods when necessary.
EJB Architecture
EJB Architecture- Components
● EJB server(s)
● EJB container(s)
● Enterprise Beans
● EJB clients
● other auxillary systems (e.g. Java Naming and Directory Interface
(JNDI) server, Java Transaction Service (JTS), ...).
EJB Architecture- Components
1. Application Server
This server is the outermost layer in the architecture and it holds the
container. It provides the necessary environment to execute the applications
developed using the beans. Web-logic, Web-sphere, JBoss, Tomcat, Wildfly,
and Glassfinish are some of the application servers popular in the market.
The main functionality of Application servers is
a. Manage Interfaces,
b. Execution of the processes,
c. Connecting to the database,
d. Manage other resources.
EJB Architecture- Components
2. Container
Container is the second outermost layer in EJB structure and it provides the
following supporting services to the enterprise beans housed in it.
• Transactional service like Registering the objects, assign remote interface,
purge the instances
• Monitoring the activities of the objects and coordinating distributed
components
• Security service and Pooling of resources
• Manages Life-cycle of beans and its concurrency
• Provide a platform for the developer to concentrate on business logic
EJB Architecture- Components
3. Beans
Enterprise java bean installed in the container is something like Plain
old java object (POJO) and they are registered to the container. Beans
provide business logic for developing robust, secured and large scale
business applications.
○ Interacts with EJB container
○ EJB Client is a local program which can call & operate remote beans.
○ Client locates an Enterprise Java Beans through JNDI(Java Naming Directory
Services)
Java beans Vs Enterprise Java beans
Java Beans Enterprise Java beans
Visible Not visible, Runs as remote
Local, Single process and runs in the Client machine Executed in the server-side
Server-side beans are possible not preferred
Applets and applications are built using generic It uses component technology but it is not built or
components created by Java Beans. extended over Beans.
It has an external interface to interpret bean’s Works seamlessly with IDE or external builder tool.
functionality
Have Property editors, Customizers and Beaninfo No such concepts other than what is provided by
classes deployment descriptor.
No types, No support for transactions Have three types and transactions are supported