Introduction

• Rectifier-A circuit that converts an AC signal

into a unidirectional signal
• AC to DC Converter
• Rectifier types_Single Phase & three phase
rectifiers
• Estimation_Trr = 0, & VD = 0

1
 Single Phase half wave Rectifier

• A single Phase half-wave rectifier is the simplest

type and normally is not used in industrial
applications.
• During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, D1
conducts and the input voltage appears across the
load.
• During the negative half cycle of the input voltage,
the diode is in a blocking condition and the output
voltage is zero.
• It is used low cost power supplies like radio.
2
Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier

3
Waveforms

4
Single-Phase Half-Wave Rectifier

5
 Performance Parameters

• Average value of the output voltage, Vdc

• Average value of the output current, Idc
• Output dc power, Pdc
– Pdc = VdcIdc
• rms value of the output voltage, Vrms
• Output ac power, Pac
– Pac = VrmsIrms
6
Performance Parameters (continued)

• Efficiency, η
– η = Pdc/Pac
• Effective (rms) value of the ac component
of the output voltage, Vac
– Vac = Vrms2 – Vdc2
• Form factor (Measure shape of output
voltage), FF
– FF = Vrms/Vdc
• Ripple factor, RF
– RF = Vac/Vdc
7
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Alternate form for ripple factor

V
RF  ( )  1  FF  1
rms 2 2

V dc

• Transformer utilization factor, TUF

– TUF = Pdc/VsIs
– Vs, Is are rms voltage and current of the
transformer secondary
8
Input Voltage and Current

9
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Displacement angle, Φ
• Displacement Factor, DF
– DF = cos(Φ)
• Harmonic Factor, HF
1

I  I 2
 I 2
 1
2

HF ( )   ( )  1
s s1 2 s 2

I  I
2

s1  s1

10
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Power Factor, PF

VI I
PF  cos  cos
s s1 s1

VI s
Is s

11
 Performance Parameters (continued)

• Crest Factor (measure of the peak

input current), CF
I
CF  s ( peak )

I s

12
13
 Example 3.1

• Determine η, FF, RF, TUF, PIV of the

diode, CF of the input current, input PF.

14
 Determine the Average Voltage, Vdc

1 T

V  v (t)dt
T
dc L
0

1
T

V  V sin tdt
2

T
dc m
0

V T
V  (cos m
 1)
dc
T 2
15
 1
f 
T
 2 f
V
V   0.318V
m
dc
 m

V 0.318V
I   dc m

R R
dc

16
 Determine the rms Voltage, Vrms

1
V  v (t)dt 
 2
T
2

 T
rms

0
L

1
T

 2

V  (V sin t) dt  2

2

rms
 T 0  m

V
V   0.5V
m

2
rms m

V 0.5V
I  
rms m
17
R R
rms
 Determine Pdc, Pac, and η
(0.318V ) 2

P  m

R
dc

(0.5V ) 2

P  m

R
ac

(0.318V ) 2

  40.5%
m

(0.5V ) m
2

18
Determine FF and RF:-

V 0.5V
FF  
rms m

V dc
0.318V m

FF 1.57 157%
RF  FF  1 2

RF  1.57  1 1.21 121%

2

19
Determine the TUF:-
1

 1 T
 V 2

V  (V sin t) dt   0.707V

2 m
s
 T 0  m
2
m

0.5V
I I  m

R
s load

(0.318V ) m
2

P R
T UF   dc

VI 0.5V
(0.707V )(
s s ) m

R
m

T UF  0.286
20
 Determine the PIV

• PIV is the maximum (peak) voltage that

appears across the diode when reverse
biased. Here, PIV = Vm.

-
- PIV +

+
21
 Determine CF
I s ( peak )
CF 
Is
Vm
I s ( peak ) 
R
0.5Vm
Is 
R
Vm
CF  R 2
0.5Vm
R
22
 Determine PF

Pac
PF cos  
VA
2
(0.5Vm )
PF  R 0.707
0.5Vm
(0.707Vm )( )
R
23
 Summary – Half-Wave Rectifier

• RF=121% High
• Efficiency = 40.5 Low
• TUF = 0.286 Low
– 1/TUF = 3.496
– transformer must be 3.496 times larger than
when using a pure ac voltage source

24
• End of the day

25
 Assignment #1 Dated: 19-03-2018
• Assignment #1
Q: 1 Define and discuss the Scope of power electronics. Highlight
the main elements / components that happened to cause revolution
in the field of power electronics.
Q: 2
State different types of power Diodes and their uses along with voltage
and current limitations in reference to TRR (Reverse recoery time).
Discuss in detail the forward, reverse and breakdown regions along
with characteristic curves for a standard diode.
Q:3 Semiconductor elements, Silicon & Germanium, have played
vital part in developing the power electronic. Discuss the atomic
weight & electron distribution in the outer orbits of these elements.

26
Assignment #1 contd
It is also required to state the elements used as impurities
(like Aluminum & Arsenic) in developing materials like P &
N types (doping process). How a depletion region is formed
by these two materials and mention voltage drop.
Q.4 State major types of semiconductor devices used as
switches in power electronics.
Q. 5 A DC source of 100 V is supplying a 10-Ω resistive
load. Find the power delivered to the load (PL), the power
loss in the rheostat (PR), the total power supplied by the
source PT and the efficiency ﾜ , if rheostat is set at:
•0 Ω
•10 Ω
•100 Ω

27
Assignment #2 dated: 20-03-2014

Q.1 What do know about a rectifier? Give

its types. Draw the output characteristics of
single phase rectifier.

ECE 442 Power Electronics 28

Assignment #2 dated: 20-03-2014_Contd.

Q.2 Determine η, FF, RF, TUF, PIV of the diode, CF of the

input current, input PF considering the half wave below given half
wave rectifier.

29
Quiz #1 dated: 20-03-2018
Prove that for a single phase half wave rectifier as
shown in below figure:
1)Average output voltage Vdc= .318 Vm
2)rms value of output voltage , Vrms = .5 Vm

30
Mini Project
• Develop a power supply (output range 3, 6, 9 & 12 volts, as
per need) using transformer (center tapped or otherwise as
deem fit), Diodes, Capacitors & resistors etc. for half wave &
full wave rectification. A detailed report speaking about circuit
(on Copper PCB) components and wave forms has to submit
along with a picture (students & project).
• Mention usage of half wave & full wave rectifiers and limits.
Try to treat ripple removal using oscilloscope help.
• A group of three students may combine to form a group and
odd roll numbers shall opt half wave rectification whereas
even roll numbers for bridge rectification.
• Submission is required along with viva before the end of April,
2018. Group lead is required to register the names of the
peers within two days.
31
Half-Wave Rectifier with R-L Load

32
Waveforms of Current and Voltage

Conduction period of D1 extends beyond ωt = π

ECE 442 Power Electronics 33
 Average Output Voltage
 
Vm
Vdc 
2 sin td (t )
0

Vm  
Vdc    cos t 0
2
Vm
Vdc  1  cos(   ) 
2
Vdc
I dc 
R
Increase average voltage and current by making σ = 0
34
Waveforms with Dm installed

35
Application as a Battery Charger

Diode conducts for vs > E,

starting when Vmsinα = E
36
Waveforms for the Battery Charger

Diode turns off when

vs < E (at β = π – α)
Charging current
io = (vs – E)/R
io = (Vmsinωt – E)/R
for α < ωt < β 37
Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier

Center-Tapped Transformer
ECE 442 Power Electronics 38
Waveforms for the Full-Wave Rectifier

T
2
2
Vdc  Vm sin t
T 0
2Vm
Vdc 

Vdc 0.636Vm

39
Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier

PIV = 2Vm
40
Single phase full wave rectifiers
Refer to full wave rectifier circuit with a center tapped transformer
as shown in the previous fig, P-39’
Each half of the transformer with its associated diode acts as a half wave rectifier
and the output of full wave rectifier is shown in the above cited fig-P-39

The average output voltage Vdc 2/T

41
42
43
Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

44
Waveforms for the Full-Wave Bridge

45
Full-Wave Bridge with Waveforms

Conduction pattern
D1 – D2 D 3 – D4
PIV = Vm
46
ECE 442 Power Electronics 47