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Computer Networks NAL - KA

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Computer Networks NAL - KA

Uploaded by

farhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Layer 1 of the TCP/IP protocol stack: Network

Access Layer (NAL). Functions, performed on the


layer. МАС address in Ethernet networks.
TCP/IP
 The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known as TCP/IP) is the set of communications
protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks.
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP)
 The Internet Protocol Suite may be viewed as a set of layers. Each layer solves a set of
problems involving the transmission of data, and provides a well-defined service to the upper
layer protocols based on using services from some lower layers.
 The TCP/IP model consists of four layers. This layer architecture is often compared with the
seven-layer OSI Reference Model. From lowest to highest, these are
• the Network Access Layer,
• the Internet Layer,
• the Transport Layer,
• and the Application Layer
 The TCP/IP Network Access Layer can
encompass the functions of two lower layers
of theOSI reference Model:
Data Link, and Physical.
Data Link Layer
re Network layer packets for transmission and to control access to the physical
Supporting & Connecting
to upper layer services
The Data Link layer provides a means for
exchanging data over a common local media.
The Data Link layer performs two basic services:
Allows the upper layers to access the media using
techniques such as framing
Controls how data is placed onto the media and is
received from the media using techniques such as
media access control and error detection

 The Data Link layer is responsible for the


exchange of frames between nodes over the
media of a physical network.
Connecting upper layer services to
the media

In many cases, the Data Link layer is


embodied as a physical entity, such as an
Ethernet network interface card (NIC), which
inserts into the system bus of a computer and
makes the connection between running
software processes on the computer and
physical media.
MAC
The technique used for getting the frame on and
off media is called the media access control
method.
Media Access Control (MAC) provides Data Link
layer addressing and delimiting of data according
to the physical signaling requirements of the
medium and the type of Data Link layer protocol
in use.
MAC:
 Address the frame

 Mark the beginning and ending of the frame


Media Access Control Methods
There are two basic media access control methods for shared
media:
 Controlled - Each node has its own time to use the medium
When one device places a frame on the media, no other device can do so
until the frame has arrived at the destination and has been processed by
the destination.
 Contention-based - All nodes compete for the use of the
medium (CSMA)
When the device attempting to transmit sees that the media is busy, it will
wait and try again after a short time period.

Media access control protocols for non-shared media require


little or no control before placing frames onto the media.
Such is the case for point-to-point topologies.
 Half-Duplex
 Full-Duplex
Logical vs. Physical Toplogy
The Frame
 Header - Contains control information, such
addressing (48-bit MAC)
 Data - The packet from the Network layer
 Trailer - Contains control information added to
the end of the PDU, such addressing (48-bit
MAC)
Physical Layer
 controls how data is placed on the
communication media
 encode the binary digits that represent Data Link
layer frames into signals and to transmit and
receive these signals across the physical media
 create the electrical, optical, or microwave signal
that represents the bits in each frame
Physical Layer
Fundamental Principles
The three fundamental functions of the Physical
layer are:
The physical components
Data encoding
Signaling
Data Carrying Capacity
Data transfer : Bandwidth, Throughput and Goodput
Types of Physical Media

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