Global Sources
Part Two
March 6, 2017
Main Points
1. Marxist &
Revolutionary
Theories
2. National
Progressivism
3. Contemporary
International
Relations
Thoughts
1. Marxist & Revolutionary Theories
It is principally a theory
of history according to
which the material
conditions of a
society's mode of
production (the union of
its productive capacity
and social relations of
1.1. Historical Materialism production)
fundamentally
The basic theme is that the
determine its
human society moves from
organization and
lower stage to higher ones.
development.
The salvoes of the October
1.2. Leninism Revolution in 1917 brought
Marxism-Leninism to China.
The most profound impact is
Lenin’s Era of Imperialism
and Proletarian Revolution.
The October Revolution
symbolized the Communists
taking over the state power.
For a long time Leninism was
to tell the true Marxists and
revolutionaries from the
revisionists and counter-
revolutionaries.
Stalinism has three
impacts on the 1.3. Stalinism
diplomacy of the PRC.
Stalin’s role in World
War Two
“Leaning to One Side”
(the Soviet Union) on
the eve of the
founding of the PRC
Socialist campus vs.
capitalist campus.
1.4. Sinification of Marxism
Mao Zedong Thoughts
Deng Xiaoping Theory
“Three Represents”
(Jiang Zemin)
The Scientific Outlook
on Development (Hu
Jintao)
Xi Jinping ○
2. National Progressivism
The founding of the PRC
coincided with the global
wave of nationalistic
emancipation and
decolonization. The
Chinese had natural
intimacy with those of the
ideas of Asia, Africa and
Latin America. These
ideas are qualitatively
different from the Western
ideas.
Employing nonviolent
2.1. Gandhi(1869-1948) civil disobedience,
Gandhi led India to
independence and
inspired movements for
civil rights and freedom
across the world.
Earth provides enough
to satisfy every man's
needs, but not every
man's greed.
Live as if you were to die
tomorrow. Learn as if
you were to live forever.
This immortal statement was 2.2. Ho Chi Minh
made in the Declaration of
Independence of the United (1890-1969)
States of America in 1776. In a
broader sense, this means: All
the peoples on the earth are
equal from birth, all the
peoples have a right to live, to
be happy and free.
The Declaration of the Rights
of Man and Citizen of the Compatriots of the entire
French Revolution made in nation assembled:
1791 also states: All men are All men are created equal; they
born free and with equal are endowed by their Creator
rights, and must always with certain inalienable Rights;
remain free and have equal among these are Life, Liberty,
rights. and the pursuit of Happiness.
Those are undeniable truths.
2.3. Nasser （ 1918-1970 ）
He was the second president
since Egyptian independence in
1952. He was a radical
nationalism and neutral
internationalist (leader of the
Non-Alignment Movement).
Nasser's popularity in Egypt and
the Arab world skyrocketed after
his nationalization of the Suez
Canal and his political victory in
the subsequent Suez Crisis.
2.4. Salvador Allende (1908-1973)
Allend was known as the
first Marxist to become
president of a Latin
American country through
open elections and was
Chilean President (1970-
1973). On 11 September
1973, he shot himself in a
coup sponsored by the
US’ CIA, vowing not to
resign.
2.5. Nelson Mandela (1918-2013)
Mr. Mandela was imprisoned
between 1962-1990. He was
elected President of South Africa
from 1994 to 1999. His government
focused on dismantling the legacy
of apartheid through tackling
institutionalized racism and
fostering racial reconciliation.
Politically he was an African
nationalist and democratic
socialist.○
3. Contemporary International
Relations Thoughts
China has been keen on learning from the
outside world since the beginning of the
Reform and Opening-up in the end-1978.
In foreign relations, China has been focusing
on the civilizations, economic studies and
global strategic thinking.
Besides, the Chinese academia has been
introducing Western theories and doctrines.
In their diplomacy, China
3.1. Civilizations has tried to understand the
impacts of all the three
main civilizations,
Christianity (Western),
Islamism and Buddhism.
The Chinese are fully
aware that to realize their
goals of modernization and
rejuvenation, China must
learn from the outside
world.
The departure and
orientated points are to
find their commonalities
and/or similarities.
China attaches great
importance to economic
diplomacy and learns to 3.2. Economics
improve market
economy, economic
integration and financial
management.
Economic Nobel
laureates are very
popular with the Chinese
leaders and people, such
as James A. Mirrlees,
Robert A. Mundell,
Edmund S Phelps and
Joseph E. Stiglitz.
3.3. Global Strategic Thinking
Generations of Chinese leaders have maintained close
contacts with strategists such as Helmut Schmidt (1918—
2015), Henry Kissinger (1923- ), Lee Kuan Yew (1923-
2015) and Zbigniew Brzezinski (1928-).
Thomas Woodrow Wilson
3.4. American Theory of (1856-1924) as an
International Relations Idealist/Liberalist made
The Fourteen Points on
January 8, 1918
Hans Morgenthau (1904-
1980) as a Realist and his
book: Politics Among
Nations — The Struggle
for Power and Peace
Alexander Wendt (born
1958) is a political scientist
who is one of the core
social constructivist
scholars in the field of
international relations.
Barry Buzan (1946- ): English 3.5. English School
School engages history and
sociological approach. It looks
into international society more
than material structures.
Constructivism is in a sense
an epistemological position
and it comes out of
philosophy of knowledge. The
English School is a rather
practical, pragmatic tradition
that comes out of political The English School can be
theory, history, and traced to 1959 when the British
international law. Committee on the Theory of
It enables you to look at how International Politics was
and why the social structures created under the chairmanship
of Cambridge historian Herbert
are evolving in the way that
Butterfield.(1900-1979)
they are.□
Thank You!
