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Module 4

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3 views

Module 4

Uploaded by

albertnoyalkt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Radio receiver

 AM radio receiver
a. Direct AM receiver
b. Super heterodyne AM receiver
 FM radio receiver
Characteristics of radio
receiver
 Selectivity
 Sensitivity
 Fidelity
 Noise figure
Sensitivity
 Is a measure of a receiver’s ability to detect
weak signals. Known as the signal to noise
ratio measured in Decibels. (There are two
types of noise.. Internal and External) The
formula for determining the performance is:
 SIGNAL + NOISE
selectivity
 Is a measure of a receiver’s ability to
separate received signals

Fidility

 The ability of the radio receiver to


reproduce all the frequency components in
the basebands signal is called fidelity-
Noise figure
 Noise figure and noise factor are measures
of degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio,
caused by components in a signal chain. It
is a number by which the performance of an
amplifier or a radio receiver can be
specified, with lower values indicating
better performance
Block diagram of AM
receiver(Direct)
 Receiving antenna
 RF amplifier
 Mixer
 Local oscillator
 Detector
 AF amplifier
 Speaker
Super heterodyne AM
receiver
Choice of I.F(intermediate
frequency) in radio receiver
 1.IF is too high—poor selectivity and
adjacent channel rejection
 2.I F is high- tracking difficulty
 3.I F is low- image rejection is low
 4. I F is very low- selectivity is very sharp&

frequency stability of local oscillator


 5. I F not fall the tuning range of the

receiver
Envelop detector
Need for AGC

 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) circuits


are employed in many systems where the
amplitude of an incoming signal can vary
over a wide dynamic range. The role of
the AGC circuit is to provide a relatively
constant output amplitude so that circuits
following the AGC circuit require less
dynamic range.
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL

 The automatic gain control, AGC within a


super heterodyne radio enables the gain of
the receiver to be controlled to level the
audio output, but to prevent overloading.
The automatic gain control, AGC, was
introduced to stop variations in signals
causing large variations in the received
volume
 Simple AGC
 Delayed AGC
Block diagram of FM radio
receiver
Necessity of Limiter stage in
FM receiver
Usually FM receivers have at least one
amplification stage with a limiter. The
purpose of the limiter is to provide a
constant level of signal to
the FM demodulator, thus reducing the
effect of signal level changes in the output.
 The limiter also reduces the effect of noise

spikes
Discriminator
 The limiter removes the noise in the
received signal and gives a constant
amplitude signal. This circuit is required
when a phase discriminator is used to
demodulate an FM signal. The output of the
limiter is now applied to the FM
discriminator, which recovers the
modulating signal
Necessity of automatic
frequency controller(AFC)
F M detector
Slop detector
Ratio detector
Comparison of AM & FM
receiver
SlSl No
No contents AM Receiver FM Receiver

 contents
 AM Receiver
 FM Receiver
 1
 modulation
 AM
 1 FM modulation AM FM
 2
 Noise
 2 Immune to noise Noise Immune to noise Noise free
 Noise free
 3
 3 Band width Band width low high
 low
 high
 4 4 power All transmitted power is useful Only side band power is useful
 power
 All transmitted power is useful
 Only side band power is useful
 4
 demodulation
 4 Simple demodulation Simple complex
 complex
 5
 5 atmosphere atmosphere affected Not affected
 affected
 Not affected
 6 6 Frequency range 540-1600 KHz 88-108 MHz
 Frequency range
 540-1600 KHz
 7 88-108 MHz Limiter and de emphasis Not necessary necessary
 7
 Limiter and de emphasis
 Not necessary
 necessary
 8

8 IF IF 455kHz 10.7MHz
 455kHz
 10.7MHz
AFC
 In radio equipment, Automatic Frequency Control (AFC),
also called Automatic Fine Tuning (AFT), is a method or
circuit to automatically keep a resonant circuit tuned to the
frequency of an incoming radio signal. It is primarily used in
radio receivers to keep the receiver tuned to the frequency
of the desired station.
AFC block diagram
Circuit diagram

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