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Chapter 3 Common Digital Components

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202 views

Chapter 3 Common Digital Components

Come

Uploaded by

nedijemal1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mekdela Amba University

Chapter Three
Digital Components

Topics covered:
Course outline and schedule
Introduction
Digital Components

 Contents
 Integrated circuits
 Decoder
 Encoders
 Multiplexer
 Register
 Binary Counter
 Memory Unit

2
Integrated circute

 An integrated circuit (IC) is a small silicon


semiconductor crystal, called a chip, containing the
electronic components for the digital gates.
 The various gates are interconnected inside the chip to
form the required circuit.
 This chip is mounted in a ceramic or plastic container,
and connections are welded by thin gold wires to
external pins to form the IC.
 The number of pins from 14 to 1000.
 Each IC has a numeric designation.

3
Cont…

The following categories can broadly classify an Integrated


Circuit (IC):
 SSI (Small Scale Integration Devices)
 These type of devices contain several independent gates in a
single package. The inputs and outputs of these gates are
connected directly to the pins in the package. The number of
logic gates are usually less than 10 and are limited by the
number of pins available in the IC.
 MSI (Medium Scale Integration Devices)
 These type of devices has a complexity of approximately 10
to 200 gates in a single package.
 The basic components include decoders, adders, and
registers.

4
Cont…

 LSI (Large Scale Integration Devices)


 LSI devices contain about 200 to a few thousand gates
in a single package. The basic components of an LSI
device include digital systems, such as processors,
memory chips, and programmable modules.
 VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration Device)
 This type of device contains thousands of gates within
a single package. The most common example of a VLSI
device is a complex microcomputer chip.
 Digital integrated circuits are also classified by the
specific circuit technology to which they belong.
 VLSI (Very large scale integration) Millions of transistors
are integrated on a single silicon chip.

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Decoder, Multiplexer and Registers

 Decoders
 A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts
binary information from ‘n’ coded input to maximum
2n outputs.
 Commercial decoders include one or more enable (E)
inputs to control the operation of circuit.
 The decode is enabled when E is equal to 1 and
disabled when E is equal to 0.
 Used in code converters.
 Used to Boolean functions.

6
Cont…

 The most preferred or commonly used decoders are n-


to-m decoders, where m<= 2^n.
 An n-to-m decoder has n inputs and m outputs and is
also referred to as an n * m decoder.
 The following image shows a 3-to-8 line decoder with
three input variables which are decoded into eight
output, each output representing one of the
combinations of the three binary input variables.

7
Cont…

 Let us consider an example of 2-to-4 line NAND Gate Decoder


which uses NAND Gates instead of AND gate in the central
logic.
 The following image shows a 2-to-4 line decoder with NAND
gates.

8
Cont…

The truth table for a 2-to-4 line decoder can be represented as:

E A1 A0 D0 D1 D2 D3

0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 1

It is also possible to combine two or more decoders to form a large decode
whenever needed. For instance, we can construct a 3 * 8 decoder by combi
two 2 *4 decoders.

9
Cont…

 The following image shows a 3 * 8 decoder constructed


with two 2 * 4 decoders.

10
Cont…

 Encoder
 An encoder is a digital circuit that performs the inverse
operation of decoder.
 An encoder has 2n inputs lines and ‘n’ output lines.
 It converts octal input to binary digits.
 Types:
 Priority encoders
 Decimal to BCD encoder.
 Octal to binary encoder.
 Hexadecimal to binary encoder.
 The above image shows the block diagram of a 4 * 2 encoder
with four input and two output lines.

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Example

12
Cont…

 Multiplexer
 A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that receives
binary information from one of the 2n input lines and
directs it to a single output line.
 Advantages:
 It reduce number of wires.
 Circuit is less complex.
 Less costly.
 It is used to implement many circuits.

13
Register

 Register
 A register is a group of flip-flops with each flip-flop
capable of storing one bit of information.
 The register is mainly used for sequential circuit and
an important building block used in digital system
like multipliers, dividers, memories, microprocessors,
etc.

14
Cont…

 A Register is a fast memory used to accept, store, and


transfer data and instructions that are being used
immediately by the CPU.
 A register with n flip-flops is capable of storing binary
information of n-bits.
 The flip-flops contain the binary information whereas the
gates control the flow of information, i.e. when and how
the information's are transferred into a register.
 Different types of registers are available commercially. A
simple register consists of only flip-flops with no external
gates.
 The transfer of new data into a register is referred to as
loading the register.

15
Shift – Registers

 Shift-Registers are capable of shifting their binary


information in one or both directions.
 The logical configuration of a Shift-Register consists of a
series of flip-flops, with the output of one flip-flop
connected to the input of the next flip-flop.
 The following image shows the block diagram of a
Shift-Register and its configuration.

16
Cont…

 The basic configuration of a Shift-Register contains the


following points:
 The most general Shift-Registers are often referred to
as Bidirectional Shift Register with parallel load.
 A common clock is connected to each register in series
to synchronize all operations.
 A serial input line is associated with the left-most
register, and a serial output line is associated with the
right-most register.
 A control state is connected which leaves the
information in the register unchanged even though
clock pulses are applied continuously.

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Memory Units

 Memory unit is the amount of data that can be stored in the


storage unit. This storage capacity is expressed in terms of
Bytes.
The following table explains the main memory storage units
S.N Unit Description
o

Bit (Binary Digit)


1 A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active state of a
component in an electric circuit.

2 Nibble: A group of 4 bits is called nibble.

Byte
3 A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit, which can represent a
data item or a character.

Word
A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a unit,
which varies from computer to computer but is fixed for each computer.
4
The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length. It may be as small
as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits. A computer stores the information in the form
of computer words.
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End !!

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