Chapter Three DC
Chapter Three DC
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• Machines are called
AC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical system is AC.
DC machines (generators or motors) if the electrical system is DC.
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Overview of Direct Current Machines
• Direct-current (DC) machines are divided into dc generators and dc motors.
Generator action:
An emf (voltage) is induced in a conductor if it moves through a
magnetic field.
If the prime mover drives armature, the machine works as generator
Motor action:
A force is induced in a conductor that has a current going through it
and placed in a magnetic field
If electrical supply is given to armature, the machine works as a motor 5
Basic Principles
Electromagnetic Induction: The fundamental principle behind DC
machines is Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which states
that a changing magnetic field within a closed loop induces an
electromotive force (EMF).
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Construction of DC machine
The armature and the field system are separated from each other by an air
gap.
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A) Stator or Field system
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Stator consists:
Stator Frame:
Provides support for the machines
Provides path for flux
Stator core
Stator pole
Field winding:
Produce stator magnetic flux i.e. main flux
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Commutating poles:
Avoids spark b/n brush & commutator
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Rotor consists:
Rotor core (Armature core): is a stack of thin laminations to
reduce core loss and it holds the armature windings (conductors)
Armature winding: Inserted in the armature core slots (rotor core
slots)
Rotor shaft
Bearings
To support the rotor shaft
Provides smooth rotation of armature
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Commutator:
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DC Motor
Principle:
I +
Mechanical Electrical V
Load Machine
Power flow
-
Electrical Motor 18
Equivalent Circuit of DC Machine:
The performance of any electrical machine is analyzed by representing the machine
with a mathematical model.
The representation of mathematical model in terms of electrical elements is called
equivalent circuit.
• The equivalent circuit of DC machines has two components:
a) The field circuit:
It is represented by a winding that generates the magnetic field and a resistance
connected in series. The field winding has resistance .
b) Armature circuit:
It can be represented by a voltage source and a resistance connected in series (the
armature resistance ).
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a) Field Circuit: DC current, If is flowing in the field coil
Field winding
Vf
diF
VF RF iF LF In steady state, VF RF iF
dt
Representation of Field winding
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b) Armature Circuit:
The field winding generates flux, and the current is supplied to armature,
Hence, the motor rotates
When the motor runs, there is generator action and corresponding EMF is
called back EMF, Eb
When the mechanical load is applied, the armature draws more current
from the source.
Ia + If
The armature has small amount of resistance, Ra
Ra
Va M Vf
Eb
The voltage equation in the armature circuit:
= -
Va: Supply voltage Eb: Back EMF
Separately excited DC motor
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When mechanical load is applied on the rotor, the armature draws a current
of Ia
In case of motor, the input current drawn depends on the mechanical load
applied on the shaft
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Types of DC Machines:
Based on excitation to the field winding DC machines can classified as:
i) Separately excited: Field and armature windings are excited from
separate sources i.e. field winding are energized from an independent
external sources of dc current.
The voltage of the external dc source has no relation with the armature
voltage
If RF Ia
Ra
VF Va
Eb
As the armature voltage is applied to the field winding, the field winding
consists of large number of turns with high resistance.
RF If Is
and
Ia
Ra Va
Eb
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b) Series wound: The field winding is connected in series with armature
conductors and armature current flows in the field winding.
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c) Compound wound: It is a combination of series and shunt
Two types
i. Short shunt: Shunt-field is connected in parallel with armature only
ii. Long shunt: Shunt-field is connected in parallel with both armature and
series field
Series field
Series field
Is If Is
If
Ia Ia
Shunt field
Ra
Shunt field
Ra Refer @
Eb Eb Cumulative compound and
Differential compound
• The field winding has large resistance, Rf. The power loss in the field winding, Rf
3. Brush losses
Brush losses are the losses taking place between the commutator and the carbon
brushes.
4. Mechanical losses
The losses that take place because of the mechanical effects of the machines are
known as mechanical losses.
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Mechanical losses are divided as bearing friction loss and windage loss. The
losses occurring in the moving parts of the machine and the air is known as
Windage losses.
• The power lost due to friction & wind, called as friction & windage loss.
For most machines, stray losses are taken by convention to be one percent of the
full load output power. 31
Ex. A 500 V DC shunt motor takes no load current of 5A. The resistance of
armature circuit is 0.25 and field circuit is 500 . Calculate the efficiency of
motor drawing a current of 100A from supply.
Solution:
At No-load:
The no-load power input = V*I=500*5 =2500 W
This includes i) Iron loss ii) Friction and windage loss iii) Shunt field Cu. Loss and
iV) Armature Cu. Loss.
In a shunt machine, the sum of iron loss, Friction and windage loss and Shunt field
Cu. Loss is known as constant loss. 500Ω If 5A
Ia
Va 500
The shunt field current, I sh 1A 0.25Ω 500 V
Rsh 500 Eb
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Steady-state Speed-Torque Characteristics:
The basic equations of DC motor are Ia + If
Also, Va M Vf
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Va I a Ra T
From (1) and (2) Ia
K K K
Va Td Ra
...(4)
K ( K ) 2
If load torque, , there is no load on the motor, the motor is said to be on no-
load
The corresponding speed is called no load speed,
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When the load torque is increased, TL > Td, the load torque dominates
developed torque, the speed falls
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The armature resistance, Ra of dc motor is small, the speed change from no-load to
full load in DC shunt motor is less
For all practical purposes, separately excited DC motor is a constant speed motor
T
Basic Torque-Speed Characteristics of DC motor
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Speed Control Below Rated Speed:
V1>V2>V3>V4
At no-load speed, the torque, T is zero (V1,ф)
(V2,ф)
𝑉𝑎
The no load speed, 𝜔 𝑜= (V3,ф)
𝐾𝜙 (V4,ф)
0
T- characteristics with variable
armature voltage
armature voltage 38
Below rated speed, the flux, is constant and if the load torque is constant,
armature current is constant.
rated 39
Speed Control Above Rated Speed:
𝑉𝑎
The no load speed, 𝜔 𝑜=
𝐾𝜙
The speed can be raised from no load speed by increasing
above the rated voltage or decreasing the flux.
Hence, above rated speed, armature voltage is kept constant and flux is decreased
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The armature input power, Pa = VaIa
Hence, above rated speed, the power input to the machine is constant (Constant
power region)
However, As the flux is decreased to control the speed, the torque developed also
decreases (T = kIa).
If the load torque is kept constant, the armature will draw Ia, P, V
Solution:
500Ω 1A 100 A
Va 500
a) The shunt field current, I sh 1 A 99 A
Rsh 500
0.22Ω 500 V
The armature current, I a I s I sh 99 A
The back EMF, Eb Va - I a Ra 478.22 V 478.22V
2 N
Pm Eb I a Td * Td 475.89 N-m
60
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b) In DC shunt motor, T = KIa
Below rated speed, the speed is controlled by reducing the armature voltage
As the load is constant, the armature current, Ia remains same as previous case
Eb 2 22
The back EMF, kN 2
Eb1 N1
Eb1 kN1 ; Eb 2 402.71 V
Eb 2 N 2
The armature voltage applied, Va 2 Eb 2 I a 3 Ra 424.5 V
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DC Series Motor Characteristics:
Ia
T I a
Ra Va
Ia Eb
T I a2
At light loads, Ia is small and is small,
T
Hence, Torque Vs current is a parabola
Ia T
1 1 1
N
Ia T Ta
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EX. A 220 V DC series motor draws a current of 40 A when running at 950 rpm.
The armature has a resistance of 0.1 and field winding resistance is 0.15.
i) Calculate the torque developed by the machine ii) If the load torque is doubled,
find, the armature current.
Sol:
a)The back emf, Eb Va - I a ( Ra Rse ) 210V
2 N
The mechanical power developed, Pm T d *
60
Eb I a
The developed torque, T d 84.45N-m
2 N
60
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b)In series motor, T I a Ia
T I a2
T1 KI12
T2 KI 22
T2
I2 * I1 56.56A
T1
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Advantages
Simplicity: Simple design and easy to construct.
Speed Control: Easy speed control through field current adjustment or armature voltage
control.
Starting Torque: High starting torque, making them suitable for heavy load applications.
Disadvantages
Maintenance: Requires regular maintenance due to wear on brushes and commutators.
Size and Weight: Generally larger and heavier compared to AC machines.
Cost: May be more expensive due to additional components like brushes and
commutators.
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