MAT 1051

2022-23
Fall Term
Week 2
Lecture Notes
The following set is more or less what we did
in class on Thursday October 13.
Answers at a glance
Find the solution for the following:

a) >0

b) + 3 >0

c) + 4 <2

d) +5 >0

e) = -3
Write the equation of a line of slope -2 that passes through the point (1,4).
Write all possible forms of the equation of a line passing through points
(2,4) and (4,6).
Write the equation of a line whose slope is zero and passes from
point (2, 4 ). Draw the line on a coordinate plane.
Example: Write the equation of the line perpendicular to 2x + 3y = 6 at
(0, 2). Find the distance between the x and y intercepts of
 FUNCTIONS
and
THEIR GRAPHS
 SUBJECTS
• Definition of function; Domain and Range

• Even and Odd functions, Symmetry and Reflections.

• Scaling and Shifting of Graphs

• Composite Functions; domain and range of composite functions

Introduction

Definition of a function: A function y = f(x) is a relation for which there is a single y for
every x.

Example of functions:
A parabola is a function y = A circle is not a function A semicircle is a fct.

Single intersection point

Two intersection points Single intersection point
 Mathematical Models of Functions

• Linear Functions

• Polynomial Functions

• Rational Functions

• Piecewise defined Functions, Greatest Integer Function, Signum

Function

• Exponential Functions

• Logarithmic Functions

• Trigonometric Functions
𝑨 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

Constant function Linear Function Quadratic function

What if we have x=y^2?

Square root function Absolute Value Function f(x) = 1/x
 Domain and range of functions

Domain of a function is the values of x that a function may take.

Range of the function are the corresponding values of y.

There are special conditions for the domain of some typical functions.

Rational functions: f(x) = D: Q(x)

Even root functions: f(x) = n: 2, 4, 6… D: x

Rational function with even roots: f(x) = D: x > 2

Examples

Find domain of

a) f(x) = b) s(t) =
Find domain and range of the following

c) f(x) = 1 + e) g(x) =

d) f(x) = 1 - f) h(x)=
Let us see how the shifting of a graph effects its domain
Example
Translation (shifting) of Graphs Suppose you are given y =
a) Shift it 4 units to the right
y= f(x-a): shift it a units to the right.
(horizontal shift). Is x =0 in the domain?

y = f(x+a): shift it a units to the left.

b) Now shift the above 3 units down, write the
y = f(x) + b: shift it b units up. coordinates of the leftmost point.
(vertical shift)
y= f(x) – b: shift it b units down.

c) Given y=7+
Define the operation applied on y =
Is x=-1 in the domain?
Let us see how the shifting of a graph effects its domain

Example: Suppose your are given y= +5

a) Define the operation that is exercised on y =

b) Sketch a graph

c) Write the domain and range

 Consider y =

a) Define the operation that is exercised on the parent function

y=1/x

b) Sketch a graph

c) Write the domain and range and y intercept of the function.

Consider y =
 Combining Functions
Sums, Differences, Products and Quotients

Given two functions f and g we have

Sum: (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

Difference: (f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)

Product: (f g) (x) = f(x). g(x)

Quotient: (x)=
 Domains of combinations

Example
The functions f and g are defined by
f(x)=

Find the expressions for 3f, f+g, f-g, fg, f/g, g/f and specify their domains
f(x)=

Find the expressions for 3f, f+g, f-g, fg, f/g, g/f and
specify their domains
 Composition of functions

If f and g are two functions than the composite function fog is defined as
fog(x) = f(g(x))

g(x) is called the “inner” function.

You can similarly define

fof = f(f(x)) ; gof = g(f(x)); gog = g(g(x)) functions.

Example:
Consider the functions f(x) = and g(x) = x+1. Write an expression for the
compositions:
a) fog(x) b) gof(x) c) fof(x) d) gog(x) and determine the
domains.
 f(x) = and g(x) = x+1

Domains of compositions

Also consider f(x) = x^2 +3 g(x)= Determine domain of fog

Also consider f(x) = x^2 +3 g(x)=
Example If g(x) = write an expression for gog and find its domain.
Example If g(x) = write an expression for gog and find its domain
Witty questions

1. Write the following functions as a composition of two or three functions

Define the functions yourselves!!!!
a) b)
2. Let f(x) = x – 3 g(x) = h(x) =

Write the following as a composition of the above functions

a) y = - 3 b) y = c) y =
Suppose f(x) = + +5, find

a) f(2x)

b) 2f(x)

c) f()
 Piecewise defined functions
It is the case when a particular function behaves differently on different parts of its domain.

The absolute value function

Definition of unit step function
It represents putting on and off the power.

Definition of signum function

Sgn(x) =
x= 1

x= -1
The Greatest Integer Function

Definition of Greatest Integer Function

[x] = The function whose value at

x is the greatest integer less than or equal to x

1.8
[1.8] =1
1 2

[-1.6]= -2
-2 -1 0
[0.7] = 0 0.7

-1 0 1 2
Consider the function

g(x) =
a) Find the domain and range and sketch the function
g(x) =

- 1,2 1,2

a)Domain is all real numbers.

b) Range is all x
Consider the following function. Define domain and range and sketch it

𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =¿ x
Define the equation of the function g(x) whose graph is given below.
Lines and circles

1. Given L1 = y = mx + b an arbitrary line, write the quotient

of the slope of L1 with that of its perpendicular.

2. Write the equation of a line parallel to y = 2x + 3 which passes through the

origin.

3. Write the intersection points of y = 2 with the parabola

y = (x – 2)2.

4. If you are given that the point (1 ,1) is on the circumference of a circle with
center at the origin, find the radius of the circle.
3.Write the intersection points of y = 2 with the parabola y = (x – 2)2.

4. Write the equation of a parabola that does not cross the x axis.

5. If you are given that the point (1 ,1) is on the circumference of a

circle with center at the origin, find the radius of the circle.
Sample Questions on Domain and Range

Let the closed interval [a , b] be the domain of function f. The domain of f(x -3)
is given by the closed interval [a + 3 , b + 3]. (T) (F)

Let the closed interval [c , d] be the range of function f. The range of f(x)+3 is
given by the closed interval [c - 3 , d - 3]. (T) (F)

Let the interval (a , +infinity) be the range of function f. The range of f(x) - 4 is
given by the interval (a - 4 , +infinity) (T) (F)

Which of the following represents the graph of g(x) moved to the right 2 units
and down 7 units?

A) g(x−2)−7 B) g(x +2) + 7 C) g(x + 7) −2 D) g(x−7) + 2