Introduction to Object

Oriented Design

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 Overview

 Understand Classes and Objects.

 Understand some of the key

concepts/features in the Object
Oriented paradigm.

 Benefits of Object Oriented Design

paradigm.
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OOP: model, map, reuse,
extend
 Model the real
world problem to
user’s perceive;
 Use similar
metaphor in
computational env.
 Construct reusable
components;
 Create new
components from
existing ones.
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 Examples of Objects

CAR BOY GIRL CLOCK

VDU BOOK TREE TRIANGLE

Figure 1.9: Examples of objects

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Classes: Objects with the same
attributes and behavior
Person Objects

Abstract Person Class

Into Attributes: Name, Age, Sex
Operations: Speak(), Listen(), Walk()

Vehicle Objects

Abstract Vehicle Class

Into Attributes: Name, Model, Color
Operations: Start(), Stop(), Accelerate()

Polygon Objects

Polygon Class
Abstract Attributes: Vertices, Border,
Into Color, FillColor
Operations: Draw(), Erase(), Move()

Figure 1.12: Objects and classes 5

Object Oriented Paradigm:
Features
Encapsulation

Data Abstraction

Single Inheritance

Polymorphism
OOP
Paradigm
Persistence

Delegation

Genericity

Multiple Inheritance
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 Java’s OO Features
Encapsulation

Data Abstraction

Single Inheritance

Polymorphism
OOP Java
Paradigm
Persistence

Delegation

Genericity

Multiple Inheritance
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 Encapsulation
Encapsulation
 It associates the
Data Abstraction code and the data
it manipulates into
Single Inheritance
a single unit; and
Polymorphism keeps them safe
OOP
Paradigm from external
Persistence
interference and
Delegation
misuse.

Genericity Data

Functions
Multiple Inheritance
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9
 Data Abstraction
Encapsulation
 The technique of creating
new data types that are
Data Abstraction
well suited to an
application.
Single Inheritance
 It allows the creation of
user defined data types,
Polymorphism
OOP having the properties of
Paradigm built data types and a set
Persistence
of permitted operators.
 In Java, partial support.
Delegation
 In C++, fully supported
(e.g., operator
Genericity
overloading).
Multiple Inheritance
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Abstract Data Type (ADT)

 A structure that contains both

data and the actions to be
performed on that data.

 Class is an implementation of an
Abstract Data Type.

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 Class- Example

class Account {
private String accountName;
private double accountBalance;

public withdraw();
public deposit();
public determineBalance();
} // Class Account

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 Class

 Class is a set of attributes and

operations that are performed on
the attributes.

Student Circle
Account

accountName name centre

accountBalance age radius
studentId
withdraw() area()
deposit() getName()
circumference()
determineBalance() getId()

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 Objects

 An Object Oriented system is a

collection of interacting Objects.

 Object is an instance of a class.

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 Classes/Objects

:John John and Jill are

Student objects of class
Student
:Jill

:circleA circleA and

Circle circleB are
:circleB objects of class
Circle
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 Class

 A class represents a template for several

objects that have common properties.

 A class defines all the properties common

to the object - attributes and methods.

 A class is sometimes called the object’s

type.

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 Object
 Objects have state and classes don’t.
John is an object (instance) of class Student.
name = “John”, age = 20, studentId = 1236

Jill is an object (instance) of class Student.

name = “Jill”, age = 22, studentId = 2345

circleA is an object (instance) of class Circle.

centre = (20,10), radius = 25

circleB is an object (instance) of class Circle.

centre = (0,0), radius = 10

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 Encapsulation
 All information (attributes and methods)
in an object oriented system are stored
within the object/class.
 Information can be manipulated through
operations performed on the object/class
– interface to the class. Implementation is
hidden from the user.
 Object support Information Hiding – Some
attributes and methods can be hidden
from the user.

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 Encapsulation - Example
class Account {
private String accountName; message

private double accountBalance;

Withdraw
Deposit
public withdraw();
messa Account
public deposit(); ge balance
public determineBalance();
} // Class Account
Determine Balance

message

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 Data Abstraction

 The technique of creating new data

types that are well suited to an
application.

 It allows the creation of user defined

data types, having the properties of
built in data types and more.

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 Abstraction - Example

class Account {
private String accountName;
Creates a data
private double accountBalance;
type Account
public withdraw();
public deposit(); Account acctX;
public determineBalance();
} // Class Account

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 Inheritance
 New data types (classes) can be
defined as extensions to previously
defined types.
 Parent Class (Super Class) – Child
Class (Sub Class) Parent
 Subclass inherits Inherited
capability
properties from the
parent class.
Child

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 Inheritance - Example
 Example

Define Person to be a class

A Person has attributes, such as age, height, gender

Assign values to attributes when describing object


Define student to be a subclass of Person

A student has all attributes of Person, plus attributes
of his/her own ( student no, course_enrolled)

A student has all attributes of Person, plus attributes
of his/her own (student no, course_enrolled)

A student inherits all attributes of Person

Define lecturer to be a subclass of Person

Lecturer has all attributes of Person, plus attributes
of his/her own ( staff_id, subjectID1, subjectID2)

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24
 Inheritance - Example
 Circle Class can be a subclass
(inherited from ) of a parent class -
Shape
Shape

Circle Rectangle

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 Inheritance - Example
 Inheritance can also have multiple
levels. Shape

Circle Rectangle

GraphicCircle

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 Uses of Inheritance - Reuse

 If multiple classes have common

attributes/methods, these methods can
be moved to a common class - parent
class.

 This allows reuse since the

implementation is not repeated.

Example : Rectangle and Circle method have

a common method move(), which requires
changing the centre coordinate.

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 Uses of Inheritance - Reuse
Circle Rectangle
centre
centre height
radius width
area() area()
circumference() circumference()
move(newCentre) move(newCentre)

move(newCentre){
centre = newCentre; move(newCentre){
} centre = newCentre;
}

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 Uses of Inheritance - Reuse
Shape

centre move(newCentre){
centre = newCentre
area() }
circumference()
move(newCentre)

Circle Rectangle

height
radius width
area() area()
circumference() circumference()

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Uses of Inheritance - Specialization

 Specialized behavior can be added

to the child class.
 In this case the behaviour will be
implemented in the child class.
 E.g. The implementation of area()
method in the Circle class is different
from the Rectangle class.
 area() method in the child classes
override the method in parent
classes().
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Uses of Inheritance - Specialization
Circle Rectangle
centre
centre height
radius width
area() area()
circumference() circumference()
move(newCentre) move(newCentre)

area(){
return pi*r^2; area(){
} return height*width;
}

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Uses of Inheritance - Specialization
Shape

area(); - Not implemented

centre And left for the child classes
area() To implement
circumference()
move(newCentre)

area(){
Circle Rectangle
return pi*r^2;
}
height
radius width
area() area(){
area()
circumference() return height*width;
circumference()
}

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Uses of Inheritance – Common
Interface
 All the operations that are supported for
Rectangle and Circle are the same.
 Some methods have common
implementation and others don’t.

move() operation is common to classes and
can be implemented in parent.

circumference(), area() operations are
significantly different and have to be
implemented in the respective classes.
 The Shape class provides a common
interface where all 3 operations move(),
circumference() and area().

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Uses of Inheritance - Extension

 Extend functionality of a class.

 Child class adds new operations to
the parent class but does not
change the inherited behavior.

 E.g. Rectangle class might have a

special operation that may not be
meaningful to the Circle class -
rotate90degrees()

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Uses of Inheritance - Extension
Shape

centre
area()
circumference()
move(newCentre)

Circle Rectangle

height
radius width
area()
area()
circumference()
circumference()
rotate90degrees()

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Uses of Inheritance – Multiple
Inheritance
 Inherit properties from more than
one class.
 This is called Multiple Inheritance.

Graphics Shape

Circle

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Uses of Multiple Inheritance
 This is required when a class has to
inherit behavior from multiple
classes.
 In the example Circle class can
inherit move() operation from the
Shape class and the paint() operation
from the Graphics class.
 Multiple inheritance is not supported
in JAVA but is supported in C++.
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Uses of Inheritance – Multiple
Inheritance
GraphicCircle Shape

color centre
area()
paint() circumference()
move(newCentre)

Circle

radius

area()
circumference()

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 Polymorphism
 Polymorphic which means “many forms”
has Greek roots.

Poly – many

Morphos - forms.

 In OO paradigm polymorphism has many

forms.

 Allow a single object, method, operator

associated with different meaning
depending on the type of data passed to
it.
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 Polymorphism
 An object of type Circle or Rectangle can be
assigned to a Shape object. The behavior of
the object will depend on the object passed.

circleA = new Circle(); Create a new circle object

Shape shape = circleA;

shape.area(); area() method for circle class will be
executed

rectangleA = new Rectangle(); Create a new rectangle

object
shape= rectangle;
shape.area() area() method for rectangle will be
executed.

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Polymorphism – Method Overloading

 Multiple methods can be defined

with the same name, different input
arguments.
Method 1 - initialize(int a)
Method 2 - initialize(int a, int b)

 Appropriate method will be called

based on the input arguments.
initialize(2) Method 1 will be called.
initialize(2,4) Method 2 will be called.
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 Polymorphism – Operator
Overloading
 Allows regular operators such as +,
-, *, / to have different meanings
based on the type.

 E.g. + operator for Circle can re-

defined
Circle c = c + 2;

 Not supported in JAVA. C++

supports it.
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 Persistence
 The phenomenon where the object
outlives the program execution.

 Databases support this feature.

 In Java, this can be supported if

users explicitly build object
persistency using IO streams.

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 Why OOP?

 Greater Reliability
 Break complex software projects into
small, self-contained, and modular objects
 Maintainability
 Modular objects make locating bugs
easier, with less impact on the overall
project
 Greater Productivity through Reuse!
 Faster Design and Modelling
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 Benefits of OOP..
 Inheritance: Elimination of Redundant
Code and extend the use of existing
classes.
 Build programs from existing working
modules, rather than having to start
from scratch.  save development
time and get higher productivity.
 Encapsulation: Helps in building
secure programs.

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 Benefits of OOP..
 Multiple objects to coexist without
any interference.
 Easy to map objects in problem
domain to those objects in the
program.
 It is easy to partition the work in a
project based on objects.
 The Data-Centered Design enables us
in capturing more details of model in
an implementable form.
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 Benefits of OOP..

 Object Oriented Systems can be

easily upgraded from small to large
systems.
 Message-Passing technique for
communication between objects
make the interface descriptions with
external systems much simpler.
 Software complexity can be easily
managed.
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 Summary
 Object Oriented Design, Analysis, and
Programming is a Powerful paradigm
 Enables Easy Mapping of Real world Objects to
Objects in the Program
 This is enabled by OO features:
 Encapsulation
 Data Abstraction
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Persistence
 Standard OO Design (UML) and Programming
Languages (C++/Java) are readily accessible.

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 References

 Chapter 1: “Programming with Java”

by Balagurusamny, TMH, New Delhi,
India.
 Optional:
 Chapter 1: “Mastering C++” by V.
Rajuk and R. Buyya, Tata McGraw Hill,
New Delhi, India.

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