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Chapter 2 Properties of Materials

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25 views

Chapter 2 Properties of Materials

Uploaded by

srujanpm2012
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2

Properties of
materials
Prepared by: Mr Chan
2.1 Dissolving
 Solute is a substance that can dissolve in a
liquid, example: sugar

 Solvent is a liquid that dissolves a substance,


example: water

 Solution is the mixture formed when a solute


dissolves in a solvent.
2.1 Dissolving
 A solution is a mixture.
 Dissolving is the process that occurs
when a solute is added to a solvent and
the solute disappears.
 Although the sugar seems to disappear, it is
still there.
 The sugar particles have simply spread out
among the water particles.
2.1 Dissolving
2.1 Dissolving
 All solutions are transparent.

 Transparent doesn’t mean colourless but you


can see through them.

 Opaque means you cannot see through it.

 Opaque liquid is not solution.


2.1 Dissolving
2.1 Dissolving

No mass has been lost. The mass has been


conserved.
2.2 Solutions and solubility
2.2 Solutions and solubility
2.2 Solutions and solubility
 A solid that dissolves in a solvent such as
water is said to be soluble.
 A solid that will not dissolve in water is
insoluble.
 Solubility is the ability of a solute, to form a
solution with the solvent.
 A suspension appears cloudy as the solute
particles do not dissolve in the solvent.
2.2 Solutions and solubility
 To compare the solubility of different solutes
you must measure how much of each solute
will dissolve in a known amount of the
solvent.
2.2 Solutions and solubility
 High temperature and rate of stirring of
solvent cause the particles to move rapidly.
 This causes the particles of solvent and
solute to fill up the spaces between them
faster.
 The more energy the particles have, the
more they vibrate and move.
 The high temperature, the more of solubility.
2.2 Solutions and solubility
 The smaller the size of solute, the bigger the
total surface area that is exposed tothe
solvent particles.
 This allows the solute to dissolve faster in
the solvent.
2.2 Solutions and solubility
 Water is known as an universal solvent due
to its ability to dissolve almost all
substances.
 Some substances that are insoluble in water
will dissolve in other solvents.
2.2 Solutions and solubility
 Organic solvents which are carbon-based
can be used to dissolve solutes that are
insoluble in water.
2.3 Experiment variables
 All the different things that could affect the
results. These are the variables.
 The variable you change is called the
independent variable.
 The variable you measure is called the
dependent variable.
 The variables you keep the same are the
control variables.
 The independent variable always goes along
the horizontal axis.
 The dependent variable always goes up the
vertical axis.
2.3 Experiment variables
 Example:
2.4 Paper chromatography
 Black is a mixture of different coloured inks.
 You can separate out the coloured inks by
using a technique called paper
chromatography.
 The water in the beaker has soaked up into
the paper.
 As the water moves up the paper, the
different coloured inks separate out.
 The resulting image on the paper is called a
chromatogram.
2.4 Paper chromatography
2.4 Paper chromatography
 The water dissolves the inks.
 As the water moves up the paper, it carries
the ink particles with it.
 The different kinds of ink particles are
carried different distances before they are
left behind on the paper.
 This is because not all the ink particles have
the same solubility.
2.4 Paper chromatography
 The more soluble the ink, the further its
particles are carried.
2.4 Paper chromatography
 Some ink is not soluble in water, such as the
ink in permanent marker pens.
 A different solvent, such as alcohol is used
to separate out the colours for the insoluble
inks.
2.4 Paper chromatography
 When comparing different substances, a
scientist may use a large piece of
chromatography paper and place spots of
different items along side each other.

 To do this, the paper needs to be placed in a


large chromatography tank.
2.4 Paper chromatography
2.4 Paper chromatography
 Scientists use chromatography to study the
dyes used in food.
 Some food dyes contain only one
substance.
 Other dyes contain a mixture of substances.
 From here, we know if any substances could
be a health risk; for example, they could be
toxic or cause allergic reactions.
2.4 Paper chromatography
 Public health scientists may also use
chromatography to check that the colourings
being used in products such as hair dye or
the ink in pens are not harmful.

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