Chapter 1 Introduction to

Computers, Programs, and Java

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 Objectives
 To understand computer basics, programs, and operating systems (§§1.2–1.4).
 To understand the meaning of Java language specification, API, JDK, and IDE
(§1.6).
 To write a simple Java program (§1.7).
 To display output on the console (§1.7).
 To explain the basic syntax of a Java program (§1.7).
 To create, compile, and run Java programs (§1.8).
 To use sound Java programming style and document programs properly (§1.9).
 To explain the differences between syntax errors, runtime errors, and logic
errors (§1.10).
 To develop Java programs using NetBeans (§1.11).

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 What is a Computer?
A computer consists of a CPU, memory, hard disk, floppy disk,
monitor, printer, and communication devices.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Devices Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices

e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,

and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

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 CPU
The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer. It
retrieves instructions from memory and executes them. The CPU
speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), with 1 megahertz equaling 1
million pulses per second. The speed of the CPU has been improved
continuously. You can get an Intel Processor Core I9 (18-Core) with
3 gigahertz speed (1 gigahertz is 1000 megahertz).

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

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 Memory
Memory is to store data and program instructions for CPU to
execute. A memory unit is an ordered sequence of bytes, each holds
eight bits. A program and its data must be brought to memory before
they can be executed.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

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 How Data is Stored?
Data are encoded as a series of bits (zeros
and ones).

Memory address Memory content

For example, character ‘J’ is represented by
01001010 in one byte. . .
. .

If computer needs to store a large number . .

2000 01001010
that cannot fit into a single byte, it uses a Encoding for character ‘J’
2001 01100001
number of adjacent bytes. 2002 01110110
Encoding for character ‘a’
Encoding for character ‘v’
2003 01100001 Encoding for character ‘a’
2004 00000011 Encoding for number 3

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 Storage Devices
Memory is volatile, because information is lost when the power is
off. Programs and data are permanently stored on storage devices
and are moved to memory when the computer actually uses them.
There are three main types of storage devices:Disk drives (hard
disks and floppy disks), CD drives (CD-R and CD-RW), and Tape
drives.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

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 Output Devices: Monitor
The monitor displays information (text and graphics). The resolution
and dot pitch determine the quality of the display.

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

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 Monitor Resolution and Dot Pitch
resolution The screen resolution specifies the number of pixels in
horizontal and vertical dimensions of the display device.
The higher the resolution, the sharper and clearer the image
is.

dot pitch The dot pitch is the amount of space between pixels,
measured in millimeters. The smaller the dot pitch, the
sharper the display.

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 Communication Devices
A regular modem uses a phone line and can transfer data in a speed up to
56,000 bps (bits per second).
Network interface card (NIC) is a device to connect a computer to a local
area network (LAN).

Bus

Storage Communication Input Output

Memory CPU Devices Devices Devices
Devices
e.g., Disk, CD, e.g., Modem, e.g., Keyboard, e.g., Monitor,
and Tape and NIC Mouse Printer

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 Programs
Computer programs, known as software, are instructions to
the computer.

You tell a computer what to do through programs. Without

programs, a computer is an empty machine. Computers do
not understand human languages, so you need to use
computer languages to communicate with them.

Programs are written using programming languages.

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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

Machine language is a set of primitive instructions

built into every computer. The instructions are in
the form of binary code, so you have to enter binary
codes for various instructions. Program with native
machine language is a tedious process. Moreover
the programs are highly difficult to read and
modify. For example, to add two numbers, you
might write an instruction in binary like this:

1101101010011010
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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

Assembly languages were developed to make

programming easy. Since the computer cannot understand
assembly language, however, a program called assembler is
used to convert assembly language programs into machine
code. For example, to add two numbers, you might write an
instruction in assembly code like this:
ADDF3 R1, R2, R3

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 Programming Languages
Machine Language Assembly Language High-Level Language

The high-level languages are English-like and easy to learn

and program. For example, the following is a high-level
language statement that computes the area of a circle with
radius 5:
area = 5 * 5 * 3.1415;

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 Popular High-Level Languages
Language

Ada

BASIC

C++
C#
COBOL
FORTRAN
Java

Pascal

Python
Visual
Basic

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 Interpreting/Compiling Source Code
A program written in a high-level language is called
a source program or source code. Because a
computer cannot understand a source program, a
source program must be translated into machine
code for execution. The translation can be done
using another programming tool called an
interpreter or a compiler.

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 Interpreting Source Code
An interpreter reads one statement from the source
code, translates it to the machine code and then
executes it right away

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 Compiling Source Code
A compiler translates the entire source code into a
machine-code file, and the machine-code file is
then executed, as shown in the following figure.

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 Operating Systems
The operating system (OS) is a
program that manages and controls
a computer’s activities. The
popular operating systems for
general-purpose computers
are Microsoft Windows, Mac
OS, and Linux. Application
programs, such as a Web
browser or a word processor,
cannot run unless an
operating system is installed
and running on the computer.

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 Why Java?
The answer is that Java enables users to develop and
deploy applications on the Internet for servers, desktop
computers, and small hand-held devices.
Java is a general purpose programming language.

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 Java, Web, and Beyond
 Java can be used to develop standalone
applications.
 Java can be used to develop applications
running from a browser.
 Java can also be used to develop applications
for hand-held devices.
 Java can be used to develop applications for
Web servers.

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 Java’s History
 James Gosling and Sun Microsystems
 Java, May 20, 1995, Sun World

http://www.java.com/en/javahistory/index.jsp

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java is partially modeled on C++, but greatly

simplified and improved. Some people refer to
Java Is Object-Oriented Java as "C++--" because it is like C++ but
 Java Is Distributed with more functionality and fewer negative
 aspects.
Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java was designed from the start to be

object-oriented. Object-oriented
Java Is Object-Oriented programming (OOP) is a popular
 Java Is Distributed programming approach that is replacing
 traditional procedural programming
Java Is Interpreted techniques.
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure One of the central issues in software
development is how to reuse code.
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Distributed computing involves several

computers working together on a network.
Java Is Object-Oriented Java is designed to make distributed
 Java Is Distributed computing easy.
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple The programs are compiled into the Java

Virtual Machine code called bytecode.
Java Is Object-Oriented The bytecode is machine-independent and
 Java Is Distributed can run on any machine that has a Java
 interpreter, which is part of the Java
Java Is Interpreted Virtual Machine (JVM).
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple Java compilers can detect many problems.
 Java Is Object-Oriented Java has eliminated certain types of error-
 Java Is Distributed prone programming constructs found in
 other languages.
Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust Java has a runtime exception-handling
 Java Is Secure feature to provide programming support
for robustness.
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
Java implements several security
 Java Is Robust mechanisms to protect your system against
 Java Is Secure harm caused by stray programs.
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral Write once, run anywhere
 Java Is Portable With a Java Virtual Machine (JVM),
 Java's Performance you can write one program that
 will run on any platform.
Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable They can be run on any platform
 Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable They can be run on any platform
 without being recompiled.
Java's Performance
 Java Is Multithreaded
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance Multithread programming is smoothly
 Java Is Multithreaded integrated in Java
 Java Is Dynamic

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Companion
Website
Characteristics of Java
 Java Is Simple
 Java Is Object-Oriented
 Java Is Distributed
 Java Is Interpreted
 Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
 Java Is Portable
 Java's Performance Java was designed to adapt to an
evolving environment. New code can be
 Java Is Multithreaded loaded on the fly without recompilation.
 Java Is Dynamic

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 JDK Versions
 JDK 1.02 (1995)
.
.
.
 JDK 1.8 (2014) a. k. a. JDK 8 or Java 8
.
.
 JDK 15 September, 2020

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 JDK Editions
 Java Standard Edition (J2SE)
– J2SE can be used to develop client-side
standalone applications or applets.
 Java Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
– J2EE can be used to develop server-side
applications such as Java servlets, Java
ServerPages, and Java ServerFaces.
 Java Micro Edition (J2ME).
– J2ME can be used to develop applications for
mobile devices such as cell phones.
This book uses J2SE to introduce Java
programming.
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 Popular Java IDEs
 NetBeans
 Eclipse

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 A Simple Java Program
Listing 1.1
// This program prints Welcome to Java!
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

Note: Clicking the green button displays the source code

Welcome with interactive animation. You can also run the code in
a browser. Internet connection is needed for this button.
Run Note: Clicking the blue button runs the code from
Windows. If you cannot run the buttons, see
liveexample.pearsoncmg.com/slide/javaslidenote.doc.

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 Creating, Compiling, and
Running Programs

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 Compiling Java Source Code
Java was designed to run object programs on any platform. With Java,
you write the program once, and compile the source program into a
special type of object code, known as bytecode. The bytecode can then
run on any computer with a Java Virtual Machine, as shown below.
Java Virtual Machine is a software that interprets Java bytecode.

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Enter main method

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

Execute statement

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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animation

Trace a Program Execution

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

print a message to the

console

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Two More Simple Examples

WelcomeWithThreeMessages Run
ComputeExpression Run

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 Anatomy of a Java Program
 Class name
 Main method
 Statements
 Statement terminator
 Reserved words
 Comments
 Blocks

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 Class Name
Every Java program must have at least one class.
Each class has a name. By convention, class names
start with an uppercase letter. In this example, the
class name is Welcome.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Main Method
Line 2 defines the main method. In order to run a
class, the class must contain a method named main.
The program is executed from the main method.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Statement
A statement represents an action or a sequence of actions.
The statement System.out.println("Welcome to Java!") in
the program in Listing 1.1 is a statement to display the
greeting "Welcome to Java!“.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Statement Terminator
Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;).

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Reserved words
Reserved words or keywords are words that have a
specific meaning to the compiler and cannot be used for
other purposes in the program. For example, when the
compiler sees the word class, it understands that the word
after class is the name for the class.

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}

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 Blocks
A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups
components of a program.

public class Test {

Class block
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Method block
}
}

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 Special Symbols

Character Name Description

{} Opening and closing Denotes a block to enclose statements.

braces
() Opening and closing Used with methods.
parentheses
[] Opening and closing Denotes an array.
brackets
// Double slashes Precedes a comment line.

" " Opening and closing Enclosing a string (i.e., sequence of characters).
quotation marks
; Semicolon Marks the end of a statement.

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 { …}

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 ( … )

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 ;

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 // …

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 "…"

// This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
}
}
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 Appropriate Comments
Include a summary at the beginning of the
program to explain what the program does.

Include your name, class section, instructor, date,

and a brief description at the beginning of the
program.

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 Block Styles
Use end-of-line style for braces.

Next-line public class Test

style {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

End-of-line
style
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Block Styles");
}
}

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 Programming Errors
 Syntax Errors
– Detected by the compiler
 Runtime Errors
– Causes the program to abort
 Logic Errors
– Produces incorrect result

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 Syntax Errors
public class ShowSyntaxErrors {
public static main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java);
}
}

ShowSyntaxErrors Run

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 Runtime Errors
public class ShowRuntimeErrors {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(1 / 0);
}
}

ShowRuntimeErrors Run

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 Logic Errors

public class ShowLogicErrors {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Celsius 35 is Fahrenheit degree ");
System.out.println((9 / 5) * 35 + 32);
}
}

ShowLogicErrors Run

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