KINEMATICS

IN MOTION
LEARNING TARGETS
• Convert a verbal description of physical
situation involving uniform acceleration in one
dimension into a mathematical description
• Interpret displacement and velocity,
respectively as areas under velocity vs time
and acceleration vs time curves interpret
velocity and acceleration, respectively as
slopes of position vs time and velocity vs
time curve
 LEARNING TARGETS
• Construct velocity vs time and acceleration vs
time graphs respectively corresponding to a given
position vs time-graph and velocity vice versa
• Solve for unknown quantities in equations
involving one dimensional uniformly accelerated
motion, including free fall motion
• Solve problems involving one dimensional motion
with constant acceleration in contexts such as but
not limited to the tail gating phenomenon,
pursuit rocket lunch and free-fall problems
 MOTION
•It is one of the most
common physical
phenomena.
 MOTION
.we see motion in the
activities people do every
day
•Walking
•Jogging
•Running
•Riding a car to go
to school
 MOTION
. Motion can also be
observed in nature
•Clouds moving
•Raindrops falling
•Wind blowing the leaves
of a tree
•Water moving in an ever
ending cycle
The study of motion is
divided into kinematics
and dynamics.
Kinematics – is a
quantitative description of
motion without reference to
its physical clauses,
here we define terms, like
displacement, velocity and
acceleration
Dynamics is the study of the
relationship between motion
and force.
Our first step in the study of
motion is to define concepts
for motion in a straight line.
Translation is the physical
term for straight-line motion,
We then extend our
discussion to projectile
motion.
FRAME REFERENCE AND
MOTION
The term position refers to the location
of an object with respect to some
reference frame. A reference frame is
a physical entity such as ground, room,
or a building to which position of an
object is being referred. For instance,
we say that the gymnasium is 20m to
the right of the main gate.
When an object is undergoing
a continuous change in
position, we say that the
object is moving. Motion is a
relative term. It depends on
the reference frame where
motion is being observed.
Imagine that you are riding in a car
with another passenger. Observing
your fellow passenger reveals no
change in position. He is at rest as
far as you are concerned. However,
to an observer standing by the
road, you and the passenger are in
motion. In everyday life, we always
refer motion relative to the earth.
DRIVERS
NO MORE
Youtube:
https://you.tube/tnmJZ3rCKeU
What are the 10 most
common causes of road
accidents
According to the video, the 10 most common
causes of road accidents mentioned in this
link:
• Bad overtaking
• Avoiding hitting another vehicle
• Avoiding hitting a pedestrian
• Mechanical malfunction
• Bad turning
• Lost brakes
• Inattentively moving backwards
• Lost control
• Drunk driving
• Drive error
One of the leading causes of
vehicular accidents is driver
error, which is often the
result of distracted driving.
The most common form of
distracted driving is the use
of cellphone by either calling
or texting.
Studies have shown that the
human brain cannot multitask,
which means it cannot perform
multiple tasks at time.
Researchers have found that the
brain can only “micro-task,”
which involves handling only one
task at a time and switching
between tasks very quickly.
Other causes of driver error
include intoxication and fatigue.
An intoxicated or fatigued person
has poor vision, decreased
reaction time, and a tendency to
fall asleep while driving. A
fatigued driver is likely to miss
traffic control signals compared
to an alert driver.
Can we do away
with the driver?
The answer is yes! It
seems like the driverless
or self-driving car is well
on its way to becoming a
reality.
SkyDrive Inc. has begun sales of
its flying vehicle to individuals,
the startup based in Toyota, Aichi
Prefecture, announced Thursday.
The electric vertical takeoff and
landing aircraft costs $1.5
million, or about ¥200 million.
Deliveries will start in 2025 or
later.
DISTANCE AND
DISPLACEMENT
 Distance
• A scalar quantity that refers to the
total length of path taken by an object
in moving from its initial position to
final position
• Or d refers to the actual length of path
taken by an object in moving from its
initial position to its final position.
 Displacement
•a vector quantity that refers to the
straight –line distance between an
object’s initial and final positions, with
direction toward the final position
•Or d refers to the straight line
distance between its initial position
and final position, with direction
toward the final position.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Suppose that in going to school, you walked 40
m east and 30 m north.(a) What was the total
distance that you walked? (b) What was your
total displacement? When you arrived in school,
you found out that classes were suspended
because of bad weather. You went back home
following the same path.(c) What was the total
distance you walked in going to school and
back home (d) what was your total
displacement
a. The total distance that you
walk is 30m + 40m = 70 m
b. Using the Pythagorean
theorem

d =√(30m) + (40m) = 50m

2 2

solving for direction

Θtan {30m/40m} = 37 N of E
-1 o

Thus your displacement is 50m, 37 N of E

c. The total distance is 30m +
40m+ 30m+ 40m = 140m
d. Since you are back to
where you started, your
displacement is zero
PRACTICE EXERCISE
• A student walk 50m due east. Realizing
that he forgets his book, he decided to go
back to his house. He had traveled 35m
due west when he meets his brother, he
turn east and walks his way to school an
additional displacement of 50m. Find (a)
total distance the student walked and (b)
his resultant displacement
Speed and
Velocity
The term “speed” and
“velocity” are used
interchangeably in everyday
situation. However in physcis
they have distinct meaning
 Speed
•refers to how fast an object
is moving or the distance
that a body moves un a unit
time.
•It is a scalar quantity
 Velocity
• refers to the art of change of
position
•When the speed of a body is
associated with a direction, the
result is the velocity of the
body.
•A vector quantity
 Velocity
• The speed of the body is the
magnitude of its velocity. The SI unit
for speed and velocity is meter per
second, m/s.
An object normally changes its speed while
moving. Hence, it is necessary to distinguish
between average speed and instantaneous
speed. The average speed of a body is the
total distance traveled divided by the time
spent in travelling the total distance

average speed = total distance

total time

v = Δd
Δt
Δt and Δd are time and length
intervals respectively. Δt means t-to
where t and to are final and initial
times, respectively.If t0 = 0 then Δt
= t. Similarly Δd = d – do where d is
the final position and do is the initial
position. Taking the initial position
as zero, then Δd = d.
v = d/t
Sample Problem
•Every morning, you jog around
a 250 m track four times in 30
minutes. What is your (a)
average speed and (average
velocity)
Solution
a. The total distance you
have jogged is 4 x 250 m =
1000m, thus your average is
v =d/t
= 1000m/1800s
v = 0.6m/s
b. You have no resultant
displacement since you are
back to where you started.
Therefore, your average
velocity is zero.
Practice Exercise
• A student drives 5.5 km from his
home to school in 35 minutes but
makes the return trip in only 25
minutes. What are the average
speeds and average velocities for
(a) each half of the round trip and
(b) total trip?
a. average speed =total distance/total time
=5.5km /35 mins = o.16km/mins
= 5.5 km/25 mins = 0.22 km/mins
b. average velocity = total displacement/total time
d = 5.5 x 2 = 11km
t = 35 mins +25 mins = 60mins=1hr
v = d/t
= 11km/ 1hr
= 11km/hr
Some common units of speed
are kilometres per
hour(km/hr)
 In the real world, objects
move with changing
velocities. A new concept
called acceleration has
been defined to describe
how velocity changes.
 ACCELERATION
• Is change in velocity with respect to
time.
• Velocity can change in three ways
a.Change in speed either increase or
decrease
b.Change in direction
c. Change in speed as well in direction
Thus an object is said to be
accelerated when it is either
moving with changing speed,
moving with constant speed
but with changing direction,
or moving with changing
speed as well as changing
direction.
Acceleration = change in velocity
time
a = Δv
Δt
Since acceleration is defined in
terms of velocity, it is also vector
quantity. The SI unit for acceleration
is meter per second, m/s/s or ms2
Sample problem
• In which cases is the car accelerating
a.A car changing lanes at constant
speed
b.A car speeding in an effort to beat
the red light
c. A car slowing down while making a
left turn
 ANSWERS
• In all three cases, the car is
accelerating. In case A, there is
acceleration because of a change
in direction. The car is
accelerating in case b because of
the change in speed. In case C,
the car accelerates because it
changes its speed and direction.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
•Suppose you are caught in a
heavy traffic in Mabuhay
Rotanda. Are you
accelerating when you are
going around Rotanda at
constant speed
MOTION IN STRAIGHT LINE
In order to better describe the
motion of a body, we shall be using
a Cartesian coordinate system as
our frame of reference. We shall
consider the origin as the start of
motion. For one-dimensional
motion, we shall consider motion
along x – axis.
MOTION IN STRAIGHT LINE
Position to the right of the origin shall
be considered positive. Position to the
left of the origin shall considered
negative. A positively velocity would
indicate motion to the right of the
origin. A positive velocity would
indicate motion to the right of the
origin. A negative velocity would mean
motion to the left of the origin.
UNIFORM MOTION
The simplest type of motion is
uniform motion. For uniform
motion, the velocity is constant,
the acceleration is zero, and the
instantaneous velocity is equal to
the average velocity. Its
displacement dx may be obtained
by multiplying its constant velocity
v by the time t.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A car moving at constant speed
travels 30m in 5s.
a.What is the speed of the car?
b.How far will the object move in
10s?
 Solution
We are given that in 5s, the distance traveled
at constant speed is 30m.
a. The relationship dx =vt is appropriate.
Substituting the given values
30m =v (5s)
v = 6m/s
b. Using again the relation dx = vt
dx = (6m/s) (10s)
60 m
Practice exercise
Two cyclist race against the clock in a
50.0km cross-country route. Cyclist A
travels at a constant speed of
50.0km/hr. Cyclist B started 15.0 min
late but manages to catch up with a
cyclist A at the finish line. What is the
speed of the cyclist B assuming that
his speed is constant?
V = d/t
=50.0km/.75 =
67km/hr
 UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED
MOTION
A more common type of motion would
be that in which velocity is changing at
a constant rate. Since the discussion is
limited to straight line motion,
acceleration here would mean change
in speed rather than change in
direction.
 UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED
MOTION
If an object changes its velocity
from an initial velocity vo and a final
velocity vf, during a time interval t,
its acceleration is given by

a=vf-vo/t
 Sample Problem
A Nissan Sentra is stopped at a traffic light. When the
light turns green, the driver accelerates so that the
car’s speedometer reads 10m/s after 5s. What is the
car’s acceleration assuming its constant?
Solution
We are given that vo=o and vf = 10m/s at t =
5s. Substituting these values in the equation
for acceleration,
a=10m/s – 0/5 = 2m/s/s = 2ms2
A particle is moving with
uniform acceleration in a
straight line was first
observed to be moving at
4.5m/s. After 10s, it was
moving at 6.8m/s. Find its
acceleration.
Knowing the initial velocity,
the acceleration, and the
time during which the object
is accelerating, the previous
equation may be rearranged
to arrive at an equation for
final velocity.
vf = vo + at
The displacement of a uniformly accelerating
object may be obtained from the definition of
average velocity.
v = dx/t
but
v = ½(vf + vo)
solving for dx
dx =1/2(vf + vo)t
Replacing vf by vo + at and simplifying,
dx =1/2(vo+ at +vo)t
dx + vot = ½ at2
Sample Problem
A racer accelerates from rest at a constant rate of 2.0m/s/s. (a) How fast will the racer be
going to the end of 6.0 s? (b) How far the racer traveled during this time?

a. Using the equation for final velocity and considering

Solution: only the scalar values,
Given vf = vo + at
vo = 0
a= vf = 0 +(2.0m/s/s)(6.0 s)
2.0m/s/s vf = 12 m/s
t = 6.0 s b. Substituting the given values in the equation
vf =?
dx = ? dx = v o t +1/2at2

dx= ½(2.0m/s/s) (6.0 s)2

dx = 36m
Another useful equation relating final
velocity, initial velocity, and acceleration
may be obtained. Starting from
dx =vt and v = ½(vf+vo)
we obtain
dx =1/2(vf+vo)t
Replacing t by vf-vo/a
dx = ½(vf+v0){vf-vo/a}
Performing the operation and simplifying
2adx = vf2 –vo2
PRACTICE EXERCISE
A car starting from the rest passes
two successive milestones A and B
that are 250m apart. It takes 60.0 s
to pass A and another 60.0 s to
pass A and B. Find the velocities of
the car when it passes milestone A
and milestone B.
Assume that the acceleration
is constant from start to
milestone A:
VA = at = 60 a
From milestone A to
milestone B
dx = vot + 1/2at 2

25o = vot + 1/2at 2

25o = vot + 1/2at 2

250 m = 60s(a) 60s + ½ a

(60s) 2

250 = (3600s) a + 3600/2 a

250 = (3600s) a + (1800s) a
250 m= 5400 a
a = 250m/5400s2
a = 0.o46m/s 2
Velocities of each car
VA = (0.046m/s2)(60s) = 2.8
m/s or 3m/s

VB = VA + at
= 2.8m/s+ (0.046m/s )
2

(60s)
= 5.56m/s or 6m/s
 Sample problem
A car has uniformly accelerated from rest to a
speed of 25m/s after travelling 75m. What is its
acceleration?
Solution
Given: vo = o, vf =25m/s, and dx = 75m
Substituting the given values in the equation
2adx = vf2 – vo2
2a(75 m) = (25m/s)2 – 0
= 4.2m/s2
2a(75 m) = (25m/s) – 0
2

= 150 a = 625 – 0
a = 625/150
a = 4.2m/s 2
 PRACTICE EXERCISE
A driver travelling at 12m/s sees a stalled
vehicle 17m ahead of his car. He steps on
the brakes to slow down the car. At what
rate must the car slow down so that it
stop just before hitting the stalled
vehicle? Assume that the driver’s reaction
time is .25s. Reaction time is the time for
a person to notice, think, and act in
response to a given situation.
2adx = vf – vo
2 2

2a(17m-12m/s)(0.25s) = 0-
12m/s 2

a = - 5.1m/s 2
FREE
FALL
Perhaps you observed that
what goes up always come
down. In the absence of air
resistance, it is found that all
bodies regardless of size and
weight at the same location
above the earth’s surface fall
vertically with the same
acceleration.
This very idealized motion in which air
resistance is neglected and the
acceleration is constant is called free
fall. The acceleration of a freely falling
body is called acceleration due to
gravity. This is denoted by a letter “g”
and is equal to - 9.8m/s2 at the surface
of the earth. This acceleration is
downward and directed toward the
center of the earth.
In r with reality , g decreases with increasing
altitude according to the equation
gh = gR2/(R + h)2
where R is the radius of the earth = 6.37 x
106m, h is the altitude, and g = -9.8ms2, gh is
the acceleration due to gravity at an altitude
h. However if h is very small compared to R
then gh =g. For our purposes, we shall
assume that h is negligible and g = -9.8ms
We may threat free fall as a case of
uniformly accelerated motion. All the
equations that we have derived may be
used to analyze free fall. Since motion is
along the vertical direction, it is better to
replace dx with dy in our equations and a
with g. Correspondingly we have
dy = vot =1/2gt2
2gdy =vf –vo
2 2

g= vf –vo/t
The following signs conventions
shall also used:
a. Distances above the origin are
positive, while distances below
the origin are negative.
b. Upward velocities are positive,
downward velocities are negative.
c. g is always negative The origin
is the point of release.
 The notion of the object thrown
upward and eventually to its starting
point exhibits two symmetries: time
symmetry and speed symmetry.
Time symmetry means that the
time required for the object to reach
maximum height equals the time for
it to return from its maximum height
to its starting point.
Speed symmetry show that
at any displacement above
the point of release, the
speed of the body during the
upward trip equals the speed
during the downward trip.
Sample Problem

A boy tosses a coin upward with a velocity

of +14.7m/s. Find (a) the maximum height
reached by the coin, (b) time of flight and
(c) velocity when the coin returns to the
hand (d) Suppose the boy failed to catch
the coin and the coin goes to the ground,
with what velocity will it strike the ground?
The boy’s hand is 0.49 m above the
ground.
Solution
We are given that the initial velocity
is +14.7m/s. Point A is the point of
release. Let the origin be at the
point A
a. Distance AB is the maximum
height reached by the coin from the
point of release. At point B, final
velocity = o. Representing distance
AB by dymax
Solving for dymax
2gdymax =vf –vo
2 2

2(-9.8m/s ) dymax = 0 –
2

(+14.7ms) 2

dymax = 11.0
b.Consider portion AB in
solving for time to go from
point A to point B.
g = vf –vo/t
-9.8ms = 0 –(+14.7m/s)/t
2

t = 1.50s
c. Starting from point A, the
time to reach point C is 3.00
s.
g = vf-vo/t
-9,8ms =vf –(+14.7m/s)/3.0s
2

vf = -14.7m/s
d. The distance 0.49 is
negative because it is below
the origin. Starting from point
A, and using the equation
2gdy = v –vo
2 2

2(-9.8ms2)(-o.49m) = v2 –
(+14.7m/s)2
= + 15m/s
We must choose the negative
value because we know that
the coin is going down.
Therefore, its velocity when it
strikes the ground is -15m/s
ACCELERATION DUE TO
GRAVITY
A Free falling body is the most
common example of uniformly
accelerated motion. The works of
Aristotle and Galileo were
focused on the description of the
motion of a falling body. Based on
the results of his study. Aristotle
stated that all heavy objects fall
faster than light object
Galileo suggested that this
statement should be tested
by an experiment.
Galileo was able to arrive at a
mathematical description of
falling objects. The equations
that represents the motion of
a freely falling body are
written as
V = v0 + gt
d = vot + gt2/2
v2 = vo2 +2gd
Where g = acceleration due to
gravity
v = final velocity
vo = initial velocity
t = time
d = displacement
To derived g = acceleration
due to gravity
dx = vot + 1/2at 2

dy = 1/2gt 2

g = 2dy/t 2
EXPERIMENT

•ACCELERATI
ON DUE TO
GRAVITY
 MATERIALS
•METAL BALL
•0.7M LONG THREAD
•SOPWATCH
•METERSTICK
PROCEDURE
• FROM AN ELEVATION OF ABOUT 10M DROP A
METAL BALL
• Record the time it takes the ball to reach the
ground
• Measure the height of fall (dy) by dropping one
end of the nylon cord until it touches the
ground
• Determine the length of the cord used to
measure the height of fall by means of a
meterstick. (length of the cord(dy)
• Compute for the value of g. using the equation
dy = gt2/2
dy = gt /2
2

dy =vot + 1/2gt 2

dy= 1/2gt 2

g = 2dy/t 2
DATA AND RESULTS
TRIAL dy t g
3.7 0.7
1
3. 19 0.60
2
3. 13 0.54
3

Average
DATA AND RESULTS
TRIAL dy t g
1 3.7m .47s

2 3.27 .75

3 3.7 .66

Average 3.7 .68

COMPUTATION
dy = gt 2
g = 2dy/t2
g = 2( 3.7m)/(0.79s)2
= 7.4/.6241
= -11.86m/s2
GENERALIZATION
• IS A SPECIFIC TYPE OF CONCLUSION THAT CAN BE
APPLIED MOST IN THE GROUP FROM WHICH THE
SAMPLE WAS TAKEN
application
• 1. What two forces act on a body falling through the
air
Ans :gravity and air
resistance