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  We can walk, talk, breathe, see, hear, smell... all at the same
time
 Computers can do this as well - download a file, print a file,
receive email, run the clock
 Only computers that have multiple processors can truly execute
multiple instructions concurrently
 Operating systems on single-processor computers create the
illusion of concurrent execution by rapidly switching between
activities, but on such computers only a single instruction can
execute at once.
 Java makes concurrency available to you through the language
and APIs.

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  A thread is a control/flow/path of execution that exists within a process.
 Thread is portion of a program that can execute concurrently with other
threads.
 Each thread is a statically ordered sequence of instructions.
 Sequential flow of control within a program
 Threads are being extensively used to express concurrency on both single and
multiprocessors machines.
 Sharing a single CPU between multiple tasks (or "threads") in a way designed to
minimize the time required to switch tasks.
 accomplished by sharing as much as possible of the program execution environment
between the different tasks.
 Programming a task having multiple threads of control is called
Multithreading or Multithreaded Programming.
 A multithreaded application contains separate threads of execution, where
each thread
o Has its own method-call stack and program counter

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 o execute concurrently with other threads.

o shares application-wide resources such as memory with other threads.

 In single-threaded applications lengthy activities must complete before others can begin

which leads to poor responsiveness.

 In a multithreaded application, threads can be distributed across multiple processors (if

available) so that multiple tasks execute concurrently and the application can operate
more efficiently.
 Multithreading can also increase performance on single-processor systems that simulate

concurrency—when one thread cannot proceed (because, for example, it is waiting for
the result of an I/O operation), another can use the processor.
 The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) creates threads to run a program, the JVM also may

create threads for performing housekeeping tasks such as garbage collection

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 As shown in the above figure, thread is executed inside the process. There is context-
switching between the threads. There can be multiple processes inside the OS and one
process can have multiple threads.
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 • Multi-threading in java is a process of executing multiple threads

simultaneously.
 Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process, a smallest unit of processing.

Multiprocessing and multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking.

 But we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads share a

common memory area. They don't allocate separate memory area so saves
memory, and context-switching between the threads takes less time than
process(see figure above).
 Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation etc.

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  To maintain responsiveness of an application
during a long running task.
 To enable cancellation of separable tasks.

 Some problems are intrinsically parallel.

 To monitor status of some resource (DB).

 To take advantage of multiple processors.

 To perform multiple operations at the same time.

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  A thread occupies one of several thread states.
 Born (New) state
 Thread just created
 A thread begins its life cycle in the new state. It remains
in this state until the start() method is called on it.
 Runnable(Ready state)
 When the program starts the call thread (start method) it
enters the ready state.
 After invocation of start() method on new thread, the thread
becomes runnable.
 Highest-priority ready thread enters running state
 Running state
 A thread is in running state if the thread scheduler has selected it.
 System assigns processor to thread (thread begins executing)
 When the thread’s quantum expires, the thread returns to the
Ready state and the operating system dispatches another
thread
 Transitions between the ready and running states are handled
solely by the operating system
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 When run method completes or terminates, enters dead state
  Blocked state
 Entered from running state when
 waiting on I/O request
 Wants to enter a synchronized statement
 cannot use processor, even if available
 Sleeping (Timed waiting) state
 Entered from running state when
 sleep method called or
 wait is called with a time interval.
 Cannot use processor , even if available
 transitions back to the Ready state when that time interval
expires or when it is notified by another thread
 Waiting state
 Entered from running state when calls wait, the thread
enters a waiting state for the particular object on which wait
was called.
 One waiting thread becomes ready when object calls notify
 notifyAll - all waiting threads become ready
 cannot use a processor, even if one is available.
 In this stage the thread is still alive
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 Terminated(Dead) state
 Thread marked to be removed by system
 A thread enter the terminated when it complete its
task.

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 To implement multithreading, Java defines two ways by which
a thread can be created.
1.Implementing the Runnable interface
 Runnable
 represents a “task” that can be executed concurrently with other tasks
 declares method run in which you place the code that defines the task to
perform.
 Define a class that implements Runnable
class Task implements Runnable{
public void run(){//define the task here}
}
 Instantiate the Thread class
 invoke Thread constructor with an instance of this Runnable class
 Then, call start method of the Thread instance
public static void main(String [] args){
Thread t = new Thread(new Task());
t.start(); }
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Example
 2. By Extending Thread class
 Define a subclass of java.lang.Thread

 Define a run method

class Task extends Thread{

public void run(){define the task here}

 In another thread (e.g., the main), create an instance of the Thread subclass

 Then, call start method of that instance

public static void main(String [] args){

Task t = new Task();

t.start(); }

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Example
  Constructors
Thread( threadName )
Thread()
 Creates an auto numbered Thread of format Thread-1, Thread-2...
 Methods
 void run()
 "Does work" of thread
 Can be overridden in a subclass of Thread
 start
 Launches thread, then returns to caller
 Calls run
 Error to call start twice for same thread(IllegalThreadStateException)
 static sleep( milliseconds )
 Thread sleeps for number of milliseconds
 Can give lower priority threads a chance to run

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  interrupt)()
 Interrupts a thread
 static interrupted()
 Returns true if current thread interrupted
 isInterrupted()
 Determines if a thread is interrupted
 isAlive()
 Returns true if start has been called and not dead (run function has not
completed)
 yield ()
 Cause the currently running thread to temporarily pause and allows
other threads to execute.
 setName(threadName)
 Set name of the thread
 getName()
 Returns the name of the thread.
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 toString()
 Returns thread name, priority, and ThreadGroup

Join()
 Wait for a thread to end

 No argument or 0 millisecond argument means thread

will wait indefinitely

-Can lead to deadlock

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  Thread scheduler in java is the part of the JVM that decides

which thread should run.

 There is no guarantee that which runnable thread will be

chosen to run by the thread scheduler. Only one thread at a

time can run in a single process.
 The thread scheduler mainly uses preemptive or time slicing

scheduling to schedule the threads.

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  The sleep() method of Thread class is used to

sleep a thread for the specified amount of time.

Syntax of sleep() method in java

 The Thread class provides two overloaded

methods for sleeping a thread:

public static void sleep(long miliseconds)throws

InterruptedException
public static void sleep(long miliseconds, int

nanos)throws InterruptedException

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  Example:

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  Every Java thread has a thread priority that helps the operating system

determine the order in which threads are scheduled

 Priorities are represented by a number between MIN_PRIORITY( a

constant of 1) and MAX_PRIORITY (a constant of 10).

 By default, every thread is given priority NORM_PRIORITY (a constant of

5)
 In most cases, thread scheduler schedules the threads according to their

priority (known as preemptive scheduling). But it is not guaranteed

because it depends on JVM specification that which scheduling it chooses.

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 Example:

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  start() is responsible for two things:

 Instructing the JVM to create a new thread

 Call your Thread object’s run method in the new thread

 You might think of run as being similar to main

 main is called by the JVM

 Like main, the run method defines a starting point for the JVM

 when the run method exits- The thread ‘ends’

 The thread’s run() method must finish and return for the thread to stop

 The code in method main executes in the main thread, a thread created by the

JVM
 A program will not terminate until its last thread completes execution
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  Java Thread pool represents a group of worker threads that are waiting for the job and reuse

many times.
 In case of thread pool, a group of fixed size threads are created. A thread from the thread pool is

pulled out and assigned a job by the service provider. After completion of the job, thread is
contained in the thread pool again.
 Executor interface :- to manage the execution of Runnable objects

 An Executor object creates and manages a thread pool to execute Runnables

 Executor advantages over creating threads yourself

 Reuse existing threads to eliminate new thread overhead

 Better performance: It saves time because there is no need to create

new thread.
 Executor method execute() accepts a Runnable as an argument

 Assigns each Runnable it receives to one of the available threads in the thread pool

25  If none available, creates a new thread or waits for a thread to become available
  Interface java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService

 extends Executor

 declares methods for managing the life cycle of an Executor

 Can be instantiated by using static method newFixedThreadPool() of class

java.util.concurrent.Executors
 methods

 execute() returns immediately from each invocation

 shutdown() notifies the ExecutorService to stop accepting new tasks, but continues

executing tasks that have already been submitted

……

ExecutorService es = Executors. newFixedThreadPooll();

es.execute(new Task());

es.execute(new Task());
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ThreadPoolDemo
  Synchronization in java is the capability to control the access of

multiple threads to any shared resource.

 Java Synchronization is better option where we want to allow only

one thread to access the shared resource.

 Other threads wait

 A shared resource may be corrupted if it is accessed simultaneously

by multiple threads.

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  Mutual exclusion

 Java provides built-in monitors to implement synchronization

 Every object has a monitor and a monitor lock.

 Monitor ensures that its object’s monitor lock is held by a maximum of

only one thread at any time

 Can be used to enforce mutual exclusion

 To enforce mutual exclusion

 thread must acquire the lock before it can proceed with its operation

 other threads attempting to perform an operation that requires the same

lock will be blocked until the first thread releases the lock

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  synchronized statement

Enforces mutual exclusion on a block of code

synchronized ( object ){
statements
} // end synchronized statement
where object is the object whose monitor lock will be

acquired (normally this)

 A synchronized method is equivalent to a synchronized

statement that encloses the entire body of a method

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  There are two types of thread synchronization: mutual exclusive

and inter-thread communication.

1) Mutual Exclusive
1. Synchronized method.
2. Synchronized block.

2) Cooperation (Inter-thread communication)

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  Mutual Exclusive helps keep threads from interfering with one another while

sharing data. This can be done by two ways in java:

1) by synchronized method

2) by synchronized block
Concept of Lock
 Synchronization is built around an internal entity known as the lock or monitor. Every

object has an lock associated with it. By convention, a thread that needs consistent
access to an object's fields has to acquire the object's lock before accessing them, and
then release the lock when it's done with them.
 From Java package, java.util.concurrent.locks contains several lock implementations.

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 i) Synchronized method
If you declare any method as synchronized, it is
known as synchronized method.
Synchronized method is used to lock an object for
any shared resource.
When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it
automatically acquires the lock for that object and
releases it when the thread completes its task.

Syntax:

Example
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 ii) Synchronized block
Synchronized block can be used to perform synchronization on any specific

resource of the method. Suppose you have 50 lines of code in your method, but
you want to synchronize only 5 lines, you can use synchronized block.
If you put all the codes of the method in the synchronized block, it will work

same as the synchronized method.

Syntax to use synchronized block:

Example
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  Inter-thread communication or Co-operation is all about allowing

synchronized threads to communicate with each other.

 Inter-thread communication is a mechanism in which a thread is paused

running in its critical section and another thread is allowed to enter (or lock)
in the same critical section to be executed.

o It is implemented by following methods of Object

class:

1) wait()

2) notify()

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 1) wait() method
Causes current thread to release the lock and wait until either another thread

invokes the notify() method or the notifyAll() method for this object, or a
specified amount of time has elapsed.
The current thread must own this object's monitor, so it must be called from

the synchronized method only otherwise it will throw exception.

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 2) notify() method
Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on this

object's monitor. If any threads are waiting on this

object, one of them is chosen to be awakened.
Syntax: public final void notify()
3) notifyAll() method
Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor.

Syntax: public final void notifyAll()

Example1 Example2
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 The process of inter-thread communication

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  Deadlock in java is a part of multithreading. Deadlock can occur

in a situation when a thread is waiting for an object lock, that is

acquired by another thread and second thread is waiting for an
object lock that is acquired by first thread. Since, both threads
are waiting for each other to release the lock, the condition is
called deadlock.

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  Multithreaded producer/consumer relationship
Producer thread generates data and places it in a
shared object called a buffer
Consumer thread reads data from the buffer
 Operations on the buffer data shared by a producer and
a consumer are state dependent
Should proceed only if the buffer is in the correct
state
If in a not-full state, the producer may produce
If in a not-empty state, the consumer may
consume
 Must synchronize access to ensure that data is written to
the buffer or read from the buffer only if the buffer is in
the proper state
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  Can implement a shared using the synchronized
keyword and Object methods wait, notify and notifyAll
 can be used with conditions to make threads wait when
they cannot perform their tasks
 A thread that cannot continue with its task until some
condition is satisfied can call Object method wait
 releases the monitor lock on the object
 thread waits in the waiting state while the other threads
try to enter the object’s synchronized statement(s) or
method(s)
 A thread that completes or satisfies the condition on
which another thread may be waiting can call Object
method notify
 allows a waiting thread to transition to the runnable state
 the thread that was transitioned can attempt to reacquire
the monitor lock
 If a thread calls notifyAll, all the threads waiting for the
monitor lock become eligible to reacquire the lock
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  Bounded buffer is used to minimize the amount of
waiting time for threads that share resources and
operate at the same average speeds
 If the buffer is full, the producer should wait until a
consumer consumed a value to free an element in
the buffer.
 If the buffer is empty at any given time, a
consumer thread must wait until the producer
produces another value.
 ArrayBlockingQueue is a bounded buffer that
handles all of the synchronization details for you
Example
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  Give programmers more precise control over thread
synchronization.
 Any object can contain a reference to an object that
implements the java.util.concurrent.locks .Lock interface.
 A thread calls the Lock’s lock method to acquire the lock.
 Once a lock has been obtained by one thread, the Lock object
will not allow another thread to obtain the Lock until the first
thread releases the Lock (by calling the Lock’s unlock method).
 All other threads attempting to obtain that Lock on a locked
object are placed in the waiting state
 Class java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock is a basic
implementation of the Lock interface.
 ReentrantLock constructor takes a boolean argument that
specifies whether the lock has a fairness policy
 If true, the ReentrantLock’s fairness policy is “the longest-waiting
thread will acquire the lock when it is available”

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  If false, there is no guarantee as to which waiting thread
will acquire the lock.
 A thread that owns a Lock and determines that it cannot
continue with its task until some condition is satisfied
can wait on a condition object
 Lock objects allow you to explicitly declare the condition
objects on which a thread may need to wait
 Condition objects
 Associated with a specific Lock
 Created by calling a Lock’s newCondition method
 To wait on a Condition object, call the Condition ’s await
method
 immediately releases the associated Lock and places the
thread in the waiting state for that Condition
 Another thread can call Condition method signal to allow
a thread in that Condition’s waiting state to return to the
runnable state
44  Default implementation of Condition signals the longest-
  Condition method signalAll transitions all the threads
waiting for that condition to the runnable state
 When finished with a shared object, thread must call
unlock to release the Lock
 Lock and Condition may be preferable to using the
synchronized keyword
 Lock objects allow you to interrupt waiting threads or to
specify a timeout for waiting to acquire a lock
 Lock object is not constrained to be acquired and
released in the same block of code
 Condition objects can be used to specify multiple
conditions on which threads may wait
 Possible to indicate to waiting threads that a specific
condition object is now true
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