BLM5207

Computer Organization
Prof. Dr. Nizamettin AYDIN

[email protected]

http://www3.yildiz.edu.tr/~naydin

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 Course Details
• Course Code : BLM5207
• Course Name : Computer Organization
• Credit :3
• Level : Graduate
• Schedule : Friday 19:00-21:50
• Course web page:
http://www3.yildiz.edu.tr/~naydin/na_BiD.htm
• Instructors : Nizamettin AYDIN
Room: D-128
Email: [email protected],
[email protected]
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 Course Objective

• Learning properties of various

computer architectures
• Learning about design (hardware)
issues of computing.

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 Course Content
• Revisison of Some Fundamental Concepts
• Computer System, Computer Evolution and
Performance
• Cache, Cache Optimization, Virtual
Memory
• Pipeline, Instruction-Level Parallelism,
Data-Level Parallelism
• GPU Architectures, Thread-Level
Parallelism, Multicore Processors.
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 Course Prerequisite

• Basic knowledge in
–Computer organization
–Digital circuit design
–High-level language programming,
e.g. C or Java
–Assembly programming, e.g.
Intelx86 or MC680xx.
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 Recommended Texts
• Recommended texts
– The Architecture of Computer Hardware and Systems Software:
An Information Technology Approach, Irv Englander
– Computer Science - AN OVERVIEW, J. Glenn Brookshear,
Dennis Brylow
– Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, John L.
Hennessy, David A. Patterson
– Computer Organization and Architecture: Designing for
Performance, William Stallings
– Computer Organization and Design, David A. Patterson and John
L. Hennessy
– Computer System Architecture, M. Morris Mano
– Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals, M. Morris Mano,
Charles Kime
–…
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 Course Outline
• Revision of Fundamental Concepts
• Fundamentals of Quantitative Design & Analysis
(Chapter 1)
• Instruction Set Principals (Appendix A)
• Instruction Pipelining (Appendix C)
• Memory Hierarchy Design (Appendix B &
Chapter 2)
• Instruction-Level Parallelism (Chapter 3)
• Data-Level Parallelism (Chapter 4)
• Thread-Level Parallelism (Chapter 5)
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 Assesment

• Midterm : 35%
• Final : 40%
• Homework : 20%
• Attendance&Participation : 05%

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 Rules of the Conduct
• No eating /drinking in class
– except water
• Cell phones must be kept outside of class or
switched-off during class
• No talking with your peers
• No late arrival or early leave to/from the lecture
• No web surfing and/or unrelated use of
computers
– when computers are used in class or lab

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 The Computer Revolution
• Progress in computer technology
– Underpinned by Moore’s Law
• Makes novel applications feasible
– Computers in automobiles
– Cell phones
– Human genome project
– World Wide Web
– Search Engines
• Computers are pervasive

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 Rules of the Conduct
• You are responsible for checking the class web
page often for announcements.
– http://www3.yildiz.edu.tr/~naydin/na_BiD.htm
• Academic dishonesty and cheating
– will not be tolerated
– will be dealt with according to university rules and
regulations
• http://www.yok.gov.tr/content/view/475/
• Presenting any work that does not belong to you is also
considered academic dishonesty.

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Electronics Systems

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The Processor Market

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Cell Phones!!

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Cell Phones!!

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 Classes of Computers
• Desktop computers
– General purpose, variety of software
– Subject to cost/performance tradeoff
• Server computers
– Network based
– High capacity, performance, reliability
• Embedded computers
– Hidden as components of systems
– Stringent power/performance/cost constraints
• Supercomputers

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Below Your Program
• Application software
– Written in high-level language
• System software
– Compiler: translates HLL code to
machine code
– Operating System: service code
• Handling input/output
• Managing memory and storage
• Scheduling tasks & sharing resources
• Hardware
– Processor, memory, I/O controllers

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 Levels of Program Code
• High-level language
– Level of abstraction closer to
problem domain
– Provides for productivity and
portability
• Assembly language
– Textual representation of
instructions
• Hardware representation
– Binary digits (bits)
– Encoded instructions and data

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 Below Your Program
• Same components for
The BIG Picture
all kinds of computer
– Desktop, server,
embedded
• Input/output includes
– User-interface devices
• Display, keyboard, mouse
– Storage devices
• Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash
– Network adapters
• For communicating with other
computers

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 Networks
• Communication and resource sharing
• Local area network (LAN): Ethernet
– Within a building
• Wide area network (WAN: the Internet
• Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth

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 Networks
• Volatile main memory
– Loses instructions and data when power off
• Non-volatile secondary memory
– Magnetic disk
– Flash memory
– Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)

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 Anatomy of a Computer

Output
device

Network
cable

Input Input
device device

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Opening the Box

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 The Processor
• AMD Barcelona: 4 processor cores

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 Inside the Computer

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines

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 Inside the Processor (CPU)

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit

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 Inside the Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Logic
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory

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 Technology Trends
• Electronics technology
continues to evolve
– Increased capacity and
performance
– Reduced cost
DRAM capacity

Year Technology Relative performance/cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit (IC) 900
1995 Very large scale IC (VLSI) 2,400,000
2005 Ultra large scale IC 6,200,000,000

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Eniac

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Eniac (find the OS?)

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Eniac (find the Programmer?)

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Integrated Circuits: wafer (564 dies)
Drawing single-crystal
Si ingot from furnace…. Then, slice into wafers and pattern it…

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In the beginning Intel 4004 (4-bit)

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Intel 8080 (8-bit)

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Intel 8086 (16-bit)

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Motorola 68000 (32-bit)

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Pentium 4 (64-bit)

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Pentium 4 chip breakdown

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Technology Trends

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 Intel IA-64 / Itanium
Explicit Parallel Instruction Computer
• IA-64
• Implementations: Merced (2001), McKinley (2002), Montecite
(2 core, 2006), Tukwila (4-core 2009), Poulson (Q4, 2009, 8-
core)
• Architecture is now called Itanium

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(2002)
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Tukwila 4 core Itanium, 2009

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Intel Dunnington 6-core

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How further?

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 Supercomputers
• IBM cluster
• 6480 nodes with
– Dual core Opteron 1.8 GHz
– 2 * PowerXCell 8i 3.2 GHz
(12.8 GFlops)
• Infiniband connection fabric (16 Gbit/s per link)
– FAT tree interconnect
• 100 Tbyte DRAM memory
• 216 I/O nodes
• 2.35 MW power
• MPI programming
• Size: 296 racks, 550 m2 This is huge !!
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 BlueGene/L IBM
• Based on ASIC with PowerPC 440, 700 Mhz, each 2.8 GFlops
• 105,496 nodes
• 3D Torus interconnect for p2p communication + Collective
network
3D-torus

Complete system

rack

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Data Center (IBM)

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 2009: BlueGene/P

System:
Rack: 256 racks
32 Node Cards upto 1PB
13.9 TF/s 3.56 PFlops
2-4 TB
Node card:
32 processor cards
Processor card: 64-128 GB
one 4-processor chip 435 GFlops
ASIC: 13.6 GFlops
13.6 Gflops 2-4 GB
8 MB EDRAM
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 BlueGene/P ASIC

• 208M trans
• 850 MHz
• 16W
• 90nm

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BlueGene/L Node board

• 16 cards
with 2
ASICs
each
• 8 GB
• 180
Gflop

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BlueGene/P node card

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BlueGene/P rack

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 Can we match the human brain ???

• Performance = 100 Billion (10^11) Neurons * 1000

(10^3) Connections/Neuron * 200 (2 * 10^2)
Calculations Per Second Per Connection = 2 * 10^16
Calculations Per Second

• Memory = 100 Billion (10^11) Neurons * 1000

(10^3) Connections/Neuron * 10 bytes (information
about connection strength and adress of output
neuron, type of synapse) = 10^15 bytes = 1 PB =
1000 TB
• How far off are we?
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 Blue brain research
• Software replica of a column of the neocortex
– 85% of brains total mass
– required for language, learning, memory and complex thought
– the essential first step to simulating the whole brain
• Next: include circuitry from other brain regions and eventually
the whole brain.

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Incredible Computer Ads!

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RAM Card!

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HD Monitor!

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Mobile Phone!!

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Mobile Phones!!

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Mobile Phones!!

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 System-on-Chip (SOC)

Software
Hardware

Microprocessor
s
Embedded
Memory
Analog Circuit
DSP

High-speed ASIC
electronics
Network Sensor

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System-on-Chip (SOC)

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At The End

The actual
processor size

The technology behind

multiprocessor chips

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Thank You and
Good Luck!

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