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Module 3-Microstrip Antenna

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Module 3-Microstrip Antenna

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balram.2022
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Module 3- Microwave Antennas

Aperture and Broadband antennas

Dr. Usha Kiran K


1. Microstrip Antennas
Introduction to Microstrip Antennas (MSAs)
• Patch antennas play a very significant role in today’s world of
wireless communication systems.
• A Microstrip patch antenna is very simple in the construction using

a conventional photolithographic technique.


• Microstrip Antenna (MSA) consists of a radiating patch on one
side of the dielectric substrate and ground plane on the other side.
- t << λ0
- ‘h’ is less than 0.05 λ0.
(λ0 is the free space wave length)
- εr ranges from 2.2 ≤ εr ≤ 12 t
(for better performance)
•The most commonly used Microstrip patch antennas are rectangular
and circular patch antennas.

Microstrip antenna
Equl. ckt.

•These patch antennas are used as simple and for the widest and most
demanding applications.
Merits and Demerits of the Microstrip antennas

Merits:
‐ Low weight, low volume and thin profile configurations.
‐ Low fabrication cost, readily available to mass production.
‐ Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces.
‐ Linear and circular polarizations are possible.
‐ Easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits and OEIC.
‐ Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.
‐ Feed lines and matching network can be fabricated simultaneously.
De Merits
Even though these Microstrip antennas are compared with
conventional antennas these Microstrip antennas have some number
of demerits:
‐ Low efficiency.
‐ Low gain.
‐ Large ohmic loss in the feed structure of arrays.
‐ Low power handling capacity (approx 100W).
‐ Excitation of surface waves.
‐ poor efficiency and a narrow bandwidth.
Applications of microstrip antenna

mobile hand sets


wifi
Mobile base stations

Biomedical
Radar applications RFID tags (Sensors)
Satellite communication

GPS(car)
navigation
Basic Principles of Operation
􀂉 The patch acts approximately as a resonant cavity (short circuit
walls on top and bottom, open-circuit walls on the sides).
􀂉 In a cavity, only certain modes are allowed to exist, at different
resonant frequencies.
􀂉 If the antenna is excited at a resonant frequency, a strong field is
set up inside the cavity, and a strong current on the (bottom)
surface of the patch. This produces significant radiation (a good
antenna).

Microstrip antenna
Equl. ckt.
Radiation from Microstrip antenna
The radiation from the microstip antenna is due to the fringing
fields at both the open ends of the microstrip antennas called radiating
edge.
Radiating slots

L = λ/2

L = λ/2

ΔL
The Microstrip patch antenna is represented by 2 slots, which
are separated by the transmission line as said previously with a
length L and it is open circuited on the two ends.

The width of the structure has a maximum voltage and minimum


current as it is an open ended circuit.

The fringing fields along the width of the structure are taken as
radiating slots and the patch of the antenna electrically seen to be
a bit larger than usual design. So the dimensions are changed and
extended a bit for a better performance i.e. it is been extended by
ΔL,
Leff the effective length of the patch is given by:
Rectangular microstrip antenna
Design of Microstrip antenna (MSA)
Exercise 1
Transmission line model of the Microstrip Antenna
Inset feed Calculations:

Example: Given Rin = 228.3508 ohms,


Patch length = 1.068 cm.
Find Feed length.
There are two types feed techniques:
Contact feed
Non content feed

1. Contact feed: The feed strip is touching (making contact) with the
patch . Ex: microstripline feed & Co-axial feed.

2. Non contacting feed: The feed does not touch the patch.
ex: aperture coupled feed , Proximate feed (multilayered)
Microstrip feed line examples

Microstrip feed using


quaterwave transformer Coplanar wave guide (CPW) feed

Zt = √(ZoxZin)
Inductance Compensation
 Add a series capacitor
top view

 Etch a concentric slot in the patch

 Electromagnetic coupling between the patch and the feed


Feed Modeling
Edge-coupled Feed
 It’s the basic technique for matching source and patch.
 It’s necessary to set additional circuitry.
Proximity-Coupled Feed

Electromagnetic coupling.
Patch is on thick substrate (improve bandwidth).
Feed line is on thinner substrate

(reduce spurious radiations).


Aperture Coupled Feed

Ground plane is between two substrates.


Radiation from feed line doesn‘t interfere with radiation pattern of patch.
Less bandwidth.

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