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Chapter 3

Chapter 3 CA

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6 views

Chapter 3

Chapter 3 CA

Uploaded by

jayanthhere
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 3

Principles of programming and problem solving


Approaches in Problem Solving
• Top-Down Design:

• Start with the big picture: You first identify the main task
or problem.
• Break it down: Divide the task into smaller sub-tasks or
components.
• Develop details later: You focus on the higher-level
structure first and gradually fill in the details.
• Example: If you're building a website, you first think of the
overall structure (home page, about page, contact page),
then decide what each page should contain.
Bottom-Up Design:

• Start small: You begin by creating small, specific


components.
• Build upwards: These small pieces are then combined
to form more complex systems.
• Focus on details first: You create the details first, and
then use them to form the larger program.
• Example: If you're building a website, you first create
individual elements (buttons, forms) and later combine
them to build the entire site.
Phases in programming
Algorithms
.Step by step instructions to solve a problem.

Characteristics

•Accept Inputs: An algorithm should start by taking inputs or processing given data.
•Use Variables: Variables are used to store and manipulate data, similar to math.
•Precise Instructions: Each step must be clear and possible to carry out.
•Basic Steps: Instructions should be simple enough to be done by hand.
•Finite Time: The algorithm must complete in a reasonable amount of time.
•Produce Output: The algorithm should give the desired result at the end
Flowcharts
• Advantages of flowcharts
• Better communication

• Effective analysis

• Effective synthesis

• Efficient coding
Disadvantages
• time consuming and laborious to draw

• Modification means redrawing

• no standards
Exit Controlled Loop and Entry
Controlled Loop
Coding the program
• The program written in any HLL is known as source
code.

• The process of writing program instructions to solve a


problem is called coding.
Translation
• Translation is the process of converting a program
written in high level language into its equivalent version
in machine language.
Debugging
• Programming errors are known as 'bugs' and the
process of detecting and correcting these errors is
called debugging.
Different Types of Errors
• Syntax errors result when the rules or syntax of the
programming language are not followed.

• logical error, is due to improper planning of the


program's logic
Execution and testing and
Documentation
• We can write comments in the source code as part of
documentation. It is known as internal documentation

• While developing software for various applications,


these manuals are mandatory. This kind of
documentation is known as external documentation.

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