O R A L C O M M U N I C AT I O N I N

CONTEXT

MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
SIR JES
saying
 INSPIRING WORDS

Learning is the only thing the

mind never exha usts, never fears,
and never regrets.
LEONARDO DA VINCI
MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION

• LINEAR COMMUNICATION
MODEL

2. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

3. INTERACTIVE MODEL
 Linear
Communicati
on Model
CHANNEL

SENDER MESSAGE RECEIVER

 Linear
Communicati
on MassModel
• ONE WAY COMMUNICATION
• Used for Communication
• Senders send message and receivers
only receive
• NO FEEDBACK
• CONCEPT OF NOISE
 Linear
Communicati
CONS
on Model
*Communication is not
continous as no concept of
FEEDBACK
*No way to know if
communication was effective
COMPONENTS OF
LINEAR
COMMUNICATION
SENDER ENCODING
DECODING

MESSAGE CHANNEL

RECEIVER NOISE
LASSWELL'S
COMMUNICATION
MODEL

Lasswell's communication model was

developed by communication theorist
HAROLD D. LASSWELL ( 1902-1978 ) in
1948. Lasswell's model communication
( also known as ACTION MODEL OR
LINEAR MODEL OR ONE WAY MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION) is regarded as one of
the most influential communication
 WHO LASSWELL'S
(SENDE COMMUNICATION
R) SAY WHAT
MODEL
(MESSAG
E) CHANNEL

(MEDIUM)
TO WHOM

(RECEIVE
R) WHITH WHAT
EFFECT
(FEEDBACK
)
 THE FIRST AND EARLIEST LINEAR MODEL IS THAT OF
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL ARISTOTLE, WHO WAS A TEACHER OF RHETORIC AND
EVEN PUT AN ACADEMY TO PRODUCE GOOD SPEAKERS.

( Me s s a ( Lis t en e
SPEAKE g e)
SPEEC r)
AUDIENC EFFEC
R H E T
(Occasi
on)

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
 5 PRIMARY ELEMENTS : SPEAKER, SPEECH,
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
OCCASION, AUDIENCE AND EFFECT.

• SPEAKER CENTERED MODEL

• HIGHLY USED TO DEVELOP PUBLIC SPEAKING
SKILSS AND CREATE A PROPAGANDA AT THE
TIME SO, IT IS LESS FOCUSED ON
INTRAPERSONAL OR INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION.
• SPEAKER MUST HAVE A VERY GOOD NON-
VERBAL COMMUNICATION WITH THE AUDIENCE
LIKE EYE CONTACT.
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
ELEMENTS OF GOOD COMMUNICATOR
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL

1.
ETHOS
*CREDIBILITY OF THE SPEAKER
*CHARACTERISTIC WHICH MAKES YOU
CREDIBLE IN FRONT OF THE AUDIENCE.

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
 ELEMENTS OF GOOD COMMUNICATOR
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL

2.
*EMOTIONAL BOND

PATHOS
*WHAT YOU SAY MATTERS TO THEM AND THEY
CAN CONNECT WITH IT, THEN THEY WILL BE
MORE INTERESTED

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
 ELEMENTS OF GOOD COMMUNICATOR
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL

3. LOGOS
*SENSE OF REASON
*YOU MUST PRESENT FACTS TO THE
AUDIENCE FOR THEM TO BELIEVE IN YOU

ARISTOTLE'S MODEL
BERLO'S SMCR MODEL In 1960, DAVID BERLO postulated BERLO'S SMCR
MODEL OF COMMUNICATION from SHANNO
WEAVER'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION. (1949). He
described factors affecting the individual components in
the communication making the communication more
efficient. This model also focuses on encoding and
decoding which happens before sender sends the
message and before receiver receives the message
respectively. BERLO'S SMCR COMMUNICATION MODEL
 co des D e c od e s
SOURCEn MESSAG CHANNEL RECEIVE
E R
E
Communication CONTENT Communication
HEARING
Skill Skill
ELEMENT

ATTITUDE TREATMEN SEEIN ATTITUDE

T G

STRUCTUR TOUCHING KNOWLEDG

KNOWLEDG E
E E
CODE
SOCIAL SYSTEM SMELLING SOCIAL
SYSTEM
S-M-C-R MODEL
CULTURE TASTING CULTURE
 *THERE IS NO CONCEPT OF FEEDBACK SO THE EFFECT
IS NOT CONSIDERED.

*THERE IS NO CONCEPT OF NOISE OR ANY KIND OF

BARRIERS IN COMMUNICATION PROCESS

*IT IS A LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION, THERE

IS NO TWO WAY COMMUNICATION

*BOTH OF THE PEOLPLE MUST BE SIMILAR ACCORDING

TO ALL THE FACTORS MENTIONED ABOVE
 TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
OF COMMUNICATION

CHANNEL
MESSAGE/FEEDBACK

SENDER/ RECEIVER
RECEIVER /SENDER
 • USED FOR INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
• SENDERS AND RECEUVERS
KEY INTERCHANGE ROLES

FEATURES • SIMULTANEOUS FEEDBACK

• CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENT
AND NOISE
• FEEDBACK IS TAKEN AS A
NEW MESSAGE
TRANS ACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
 PROS
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
• Simultaneous and COMMUNICATION
instant feedback

• No discrimination
between sender and
receiver
 CONS
• ENCOURAGE NON- TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF
VERBAL COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION

• MORE NOISE DUE TO

COMMUNICATIONS
TALKING AT THE SAME
TIME
TRANSACTIONAL
it is the exchange of
MODEL OF
messages between
COMMUNICATION
sender and receiver
where each take turn to
send or receive message.

Both ''SENDER'' and

''RECEIVER'' are known as
"COMMUNICATORS''.
SHANNON AND WEAVER'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
( INFORMATION THEORY)

The next model is that of CLAUDE SHANNON

and WARREN WEAVER(1948) which gave us the
concept of "NOISE". This often called
TELEPHONE MODEL because it is based on the
experience of having the message interfered
with by "noise" from the telephone.
 CONCEPTS IN SHANNON-WEAVER'S MODEL

SENDER (Information source) -Sender is the person

who makes the message, chooses the channel and
sends the message.

ENCODER (Transmitter) - Encoder is the sender

who uses machines, which converts message into
signal.

CHANNEL- Channel is them medium used to send

 CONCEPTS IN SHANNON-WEAVER'S MODEL

DECODER ( RECEIVER) - is the machine used to convert signals

into mesge or the receiver who translate the message from
signal.

RECEIVER (Destination) - is the person who gets the message

or the place where the message must reach. The receuver
provides feedback according to the message.

NOISE- it is the physical disturbances like environment,

people, etc, which does not let the message get to the receiver
 M R M
E S E S E
S I C I S
INFORMATION S TRANSMITTER G E G RECEIVER S DESTINATION
SOURCE A N I N A
G A V A G
E L E L E
S D S

NOISE SOURCE

FEEDBACK
 INTERACTIVE MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
• also known as convergence model
• deals with the exhange of ideas and messages
taking place both ways from sender to
receiver and vice-versa
• The communication process take place
between human or machines in both veal or
non verbal.
• This is relatively new model of communication
for new technologies like web.
 CHANNEL
MESSAGE

SENDER
RECEIVER

CHANNEL
MESSAGE
RECEIVER
SENDER
 PROS
• FEEDBACK EVEN IN INTERACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
MASS
COMMUNICATION

• NEW COMMUNICATION
CHANNELS
 CONS
• FEEDBACK CAN TAKE A INTERACTIONAL MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
VERY LONG TIME

• SENDER AND
RECEIVER MIGHT NOT
KNOW WHO THE
OTHER PERSON IS
 SCHRAMM
Wilbur Schramm who was considered MODEL
the FATHER OF MASS COMMUNICATION. INTERACTIONAL
MODEL OF
He came up with the five models, but COMMUNICATION
the Schramm Model in 1995 we are
concerned with the concept that
explains why communication
breakdown occurs. Schramm asserts
that communication can take place if
and only if there is an overlap between
the Field of Experience of the Speaker
 Field of Field of
Experience Experience
Source Encode Sign Decode Destina
tion
r r
al

SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

 SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

FIELD OF EXPERIENCE
• Incorporates what is mutally understood
between the sender and receiver.

• are the things that influences the

understanding and interpretation of message
like culture, social background, belief,
experiences, values and rules.
 WHITE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

The fourth model is that of Eugene White(1960), who stated that

communication is Circular and continuous, without a beginning or
end . This is why he made a cyclical model. He also pointed out
that although we can assume that communication begins with
thinking, communication can actually be observed from any point
in the circle.
 WHITE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

EXPRESSIN
SYMBOLIZING G TRANSMITTIN
G

THINKING RECEIVING

MONITORING DECODING

FEEDBACK
Eugene White contributed the concept of feedback to the
field of communication. Feedback is the speaker’s
perception about the listener’s response. The speaker can
only receive feedback if the speaker is monitoring the
listener. The speaker will know what the listener’s response
is only if he or she is paying attention.
 TO BE CONTINUED...

Th a n k YFOR
o u
LISTENING
STAY
WITH p l ea

MEay este
se
Sta y
SAFE
Pala