The Concept of Spread Spectrum
Input fed into channel encoder that produces analog
signal at narrow bandwidth around central frequency
Signal is modulated using sequence of digits known as
spreading code or spreading sequence.
Spreading code generated by pseudonoise
/pseudorandom number generator
The effect of modulation is to increases bandwidth
significantly as the signal transmitted
On the receiver side. The same digit sequence used to
demodulate the spread signal.
Demodulated signal fed into channel decoder to recover
the data
Electrical Engineering Department 1
General Model of Spread Spectrum
System
Electrical Engineering Department 2
Several things can be gained
Immunity from various noise and multipath
distortion
Earliest application : military communication used for its
immunity to jamming
Cused for hiding and encrypting signals
Only receiver who knows spreading code can retrieve
signal
Several users can share same higher
bandwidth with little interference
Cellular telephones
Code division multiplexing (CDM)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Electrical Engineering Department 3
Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum (FHSS)
Signal broadcast over seemingly random series
of frequencies, hopping from frequency to
frequency at fixed interval
At receiver side, hoping between frequencies in
synchronization with transmitter
Eavesdroppers hear unintelligible blips (repetitive
pulse)
Attempt to jam the signal on one frequency
affects only knocking out a few bits
Electrical Engineering Department 4
Basic Operation
Typically 2k carriers frequencies forming 2k
channels
Channel spacing (between carrier frequency and
width of each channel) corresponds with
bandwidth of the input signal
Each channel used for fixed interval
300 ms in IEEE 802.11
During that interval, some number of bits transmitted
using some encoding scheme
Sequence of channel is dictated by
spreading code
Transmitter and receiver used same code
for synchronization
Electrical Engineering Department 5
Frequency Hopping
Example
Electrical Engineering Department 6
FHSS
• During transmission, binary data is fed into a
modulator using some digital to analog encoding
scheme.
• The resulting signal is centered on some base
frequency.
• A Pseudonoise Number(PN) source serves as an index
into a table of frequencies or called spreading code.
• New carrier frequency selected based on
successive interval (each k PN bits)
• This frequency modulated by initial
modulator to produce signal with selected
carrier frequency
Electrical Engineering Department 7
FHSS
digital to
analog
encoding
scheme
Electrical Engineering Department 8
Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum System (Receiver)
• On receiver side, the spread spectrum signal is
demodulated using same frequency of PN and
demodulated to produce output data.
Electrical Engineering Department 9
Frequency Hopping Spread
Spectrum System (Receiver)
Electrical Engineering Department 10
Slow and Fast FHSS
Common modulation technique used conjunction with
FHSS is multiple FSK (MFSK)
For FHSS, MFSK signal is translated to new frequency
every Tc seconds by modulating the MFSK signal with
FHSS carrier.
The effect is to translate he MFSK signal into the
appropriate FHSS channel.
For data rate R, duration of bits is T= 1/R and duration
of a signal element is Ts = LT seconds
Slow FHSS has T T
c s
Fast FHSS has T < T
c s
Generally fast FHSS gives improved performance in
noise (or jamming)
Electrical Engineering Department 11
Slow Frequency Hop Spread
Spectrum Using MFSK (M=4,
k=2)
•M = 4 , means 4 different frequencies are used to
encode the data input k=2 bits at a time
MFSK bandwidth, Wd = Mfd
fi = fc + (2i – 1 –M)fd
•FHSS scheme 2k =4, 4 carrier frequencies with 4
fc = denotes the carrier frequency
fd = denotes the difference frequency
channel
M = number of different signal elements = •FHSS bandwidth, Ws = 2kWd
2L
L = number of bit per signal element •Duration
Electrical of Department
Engineering two signal elements or 4 bits, Tc = 12
2Ts =
Fast Frequency Hop Spread
Spectrum Using MFSK (M=4,
k=2)
•M = 4 , means 4 different frequencies are used
to encode the data input k=2 bits at a time
MFSK bandwidth, Wd = Mfd
•FHSS scheme 2k =4, 4 carrier frequencies with 4
channel
•FHSS bandwidth, Ws = 2kWd
•Duration of two signal elements or 4 bits, Ts 13=
Electrical Engineering Department
2T = 4T
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
(DSSS)
Each bit in the original signal is represented by
multiple bits in the transmitted signal
using spreading code.
Spreading code spreads signal across wider
frequency band
10 bit spreading code spreads signal across 10 times
bandwidth of 1 bit code
One method with DSSS:
Combine digital information stream input with
spreading code bit stream using exclusive OR (XOR)
Input bit 1 inverts spreading code bit
Input zero bit doesn’t alter spreading code bit
Data rate equal to original spreading code
Electrical Engineering Department 14
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Example
Electrical Engineering Department 15
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Transmitter
Electrical Engineering Department 16
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Transmitter
Electrical Engineering Department 17
Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Using BPSK Example
Electrical Engineering Department 18
Approximate Spectrum of
DSSS Signal
Electrical Engineering Department 19
