Chapter 2 Basic components of living systems 31/10/24

Microscopes and Cells

DO NOW: > Match each organelle with the correct function.
> Label the cell diagrams

A 1

B 2

C 3

D 4

E 5

F 6
Unit 1: Principles and applications of science I

Generalised cells – animal cell

Plasma membrane Mitochondrion

Rough endoplasmic Centrioles

reticulum (ER)

Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Nucleolus
Vesicle

Ribosomes Cytoplasm

Lysosome
Unit 1: Principles and applications of science I

Generalised cells – plant cell

Cell wall

Vacuole
Amyloplast

Tonoplast Chloroplast
Unit 1: Principles and applications of science I

Generalised cells – bacterial cell

Ribosomes

Flagellum

Cell wall

Capsule

Nucleoid
 Biology

Head of Biology – Mrs Tester

Section A
20 marks multiple
choice questions.

Section B
50 marks short
answer questions

Question styles
include short
answer
(structured
questions,
problem solving,
calculations,
practical) and
extended
response
questions.
 Modular content
Module 1 – Development of Module 3 – Exchange and
practical skills in biology transport
Planning Exchange surfaces
Implementing Transport in animals
Analysis
Transport in plants
Evaluation
Module 4 – Biodiversity,
evolution and disease
Module 2 – Foundations in biology
Cell structure Communicable diseases,

Biological molecules disease Prevention and the

Nucleotides and nucleic acids immune system
Enzymes Biodiversity
Biological membranes Classification and evolution.
Cell division, cell diversity
and cellular organisation
• Section A 15 multiple
choice questions.

• Section B 85 marks
mixed question styles

• 70 marks mixed question

styles

• Learners complete a
minimum of 12 assessed
experiments and achieve
a pass.
 Modular content
Module 5 – Communication,
homeostasis and energy
•Communication and homeostasis
•Excretion as an example of homeostatic
control
•Neuronal communication
•Hormonal communication
•Plant and animal responses
•Photosynthesis
•Respiration

Module 6 – Genetics, evolution and

ecosystems
•Cellular control
•Patterns of inheritance
•Manipulating genomes
•Cloning and biotechnology
•Ecosystems
•Populations and sustainability.
Practical topics
 Folders

•Yellow……notes……

•Exam questions – teacher feedback

•PAG summary and PAG’s

 Communication

Homework set on Satchel:one and sometimes teams

Microsoft teams needs to be checked daily for meetings,

live lessons, sharing lesson resources, images etc…

Download the app to your phone

and computer.
Chapter 2 Basic components of living systems 31/10/24

Microscopes and Cells

Checklist Targets:

Can you explain the difference between

2.1.1 f
magnification and resolution?
Can you describe the ultrastructure of
2.1.1 g eukaryotic cells and the functions of the
different cellular components?
Can you analyse photomicrographs of
2.1.1 h cellular components in a range of eukaryotic
cells?
The need for microscopes
 Magnification vs. Resolution
Magnification is how much Resolution is the ability to
bigger a sample appears to be distinguish between two
under the microscope than it is points on an image - the
in real life. amount of detail.

e.g. if two objects are

Total Magnification = objective magnification x less than 200nm apart
eyepiece magnification they are seen as one
object.

Increasing the magnification does not increase the resolution of the

image!!
What magnification and resolution are these images?

LOW magnification
High Resolution
High magnification
Low Resolution
High magnification
High Resolution
Very High magnification
Very Low Resolution
 What different types of
microscopy are there?
Light Microscopy Oil Immersion Electron
Uses visible light to Microscopy Microscopy (EM)
illuminate samples A technique using oil Uses a beam of
and magnify them with a high electrons instead of
through lenses. refractive index to light to create
increase the images of samples.
•Commonly used in resolution of light
labs for biological microscopy. •Provides much
and medical higher resolution
applications. •Oil is placed than light
•Limited resolution between the lens microscopy (down to
(up to about 200 and the specimen to 0.1 nanometers).
nanometers). minimize light •Requires vacuum
•Can observe live refraction. conditions and
cells and tissues. •Typically used with sample preparation.
•Types include high-power •Types include
brightfield, darkfield, objective lenses Scanning Electron
phase contrast, and (e.g., 100x). Microscopy (SEM)
fluorescence •Enhances clarity and Transmission
microscopy. and resolution of Electron Microscopy
fine details in (TEM).
 How do Light Microscopes work?
 Light passes from the bulb, then through
the specimen

Beam of light is focused through the

objective lens, then through the eyepiece
lens

 X4, X10, X40, X100 Objective lenses

The eyepiece lens then image again by

x10

Therefore total magnifications of x40,

x100, x400, x1000

MAX light microscope magnification

=x1500 (x15 eyepiece x100 objective lens)
 How does using a light microscope differ to
electron ones?
Eyepiece (ocular lens)
High power objective lens
Body tube
Low power objective lens
Arm
Medium power objective
lens
Stage
Base
Stage clips
Condenser
Coarse adjustment knob
Light source
Revolving nosepiece
Fine adjustment knob

Microscope card sort

 Light Microscope
Resolution: 200nm
 Therefore any images closer together
than 200nm will be seen as 1 object
Due to magnitude of the wavelength
of light
2 objects can only be seen if light can
pass between them
Human eye resolution = 100μm

Magnification: x4, x10, x40

x100 (oil immersion)
 How do Electron
Microscopes work?
The electron beam has a very
short wavelength and so the
microscope has a high
resolving power.

Electrons are negatively

charged, meaning the beam
can be focussed using
electromagnets.

Electrons are absorbed or

deflected by the molecules in
air, so a near-vacuum must be
created within the chamber of
an electron microscope in
order for it to work effectively.
 Generates a beam of
electrons (0.004nm
wavelength)

 Distinguishes between
objects 0.5nm apart.
How is this different from a
light microscope?
Blood clot: platelets spin out a mesh of fibrin.
Uses magnets instead Taken from a scanning electron microscope
of lenses to focus the
beam onto the specimen

Image is projected
onto photographic
paper to make a grey
scale image
(Black & white
Electronmicrograph)
 TEM SEM

 Electron beam passes  Electrons don't pass

through a thin sample (simple through the specimen.
to light microscopy)
 They reflect off the
Electrons pass through the specimen’s surface
denser parts less easily –
contrast  3D view

Image is 2D Resolution 3-10nm

Resolution is 0.5nm  Magnification is x 100 000

 Magnification is x 500 000

 SEM or TEM?

SEM

TEM

SEM

SEM TEM
SEM

How do these microscopes work. Can you compare them?

What can you see?

Blood cells
What can you see?

Velcro
What can you see?

Artefact
What can you see?

Golgi apparatus
What can you see?

Split end
What can you see?

Spider
What can you see?

Chloroplast
 What
What cancan
youyou
seesee?
inside?
1
5

3 7

Animal Cell
Cell Organelle Card Sort
 Exam MCQ
1. Which organelle, A to D, is not 2. Which of the options, A to D, occurs in
involved in the production and the nucleus of a cell?
secretion of enzymes in eukaryotes? A synthesis of enzymes
A Golgi apparatus B synthesis of RNA
B ribosomes C modification of polypeptides
C smooth endoplasmic reticulum D synthesis of carbohydrates
D vesicle
3. Which of the following best describes
a microscope with high resolution?
A The microscope can distinguish
structures that are very close together.
B The microscope can view structures
that are very small.
C The microscope is capable of high
magnification.
D The microscope has an in-built
eyepiece graticule.
Chapter 2 Basic components of living systems 31/10/24

Microscopes and Cells

Checklist Targets:

Can you explain the difference between

2.1.1 f
magnification and resolution?
Can you describe the ultrastructure of
2.1.1 g eukaryotic cells and the functions of the
different cellular components?
Can you analyse photomicrographs of
2.1.1 h cellular components in a range of eukaryotic
cells?