Mechanical Vibration (ME

315)
Spring 2023

LECTURE NO: 01

Dr. Taimoor Hassan

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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 Contents
• CLOs and PLOs
• Textbooks
• Course Contents
• Evaluation Methods
• Introduction to chapter 1
 CLOs and PLOs

Blooms
Sr. No Course Learning Outcomes PLOs
Taxonomy
Students should be able to identify and analyze
various mechanical systems based on stiffness, C4
CLO_1 damping and degree of freedom. PLO_1
(Analysis)

Students should be able to develop the

C5
CLO_2 mathematical models of free/forced vibration in PLO_3 (Synthesis)
order to design and propose methods for
vibration suppression.
Evaluate mathematical model (s) of vibrating
systems and responses employing computational C6
CLO_3 tools. PLO_5
(Evaluation)

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Textbook
• Engineering Vibration
Daniel J. Inman, 4th Edition, Pearson Education Inc.

Reference Books
• Mechanical Vibrations
S.S Rao, Addison-Wesley, 2nd Edition
• Theory of Vibrations with Applications
4th Edition, Chapman & Hall

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Course Contents

• Introduction to Vibrations and Free Response

• Response to Harmonic Excitation
• General Response
• Multiple Degree of Freedom Systems
• Design for Vibration Suppression

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Evaluation Methods

• Quizzes: 10 %

• Assignments: 10 %

• Complex Engineering Problem: 10 %

• Mid-Term Exam: 25 %

• Final Exam: 45 %

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7
Tacoma Narrows Bridge

7th November 1940

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Chapter No: 1
Introduction to Vibrations and Free Response

• Definition of vibration and oscillation

• Some Basic Definitions
• Elementary Parts of Vibrating Systems
• Classification of Vibration
• Importance of the study of Vibration

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Vibration:
Vibration is a mechanical phenomena whereby a “to and fro” motion
occurs about a mean equilibrium point.

Oscillation:
Oscillation is the repetitive variation of some measure about a
central point with regular intervals.

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Some Basic Definitions

• Periodic Motion: A motion which repeats itself after equal intervals of time

• Simple Harmonic Motion: To and fro motion of a body about a fixed point

is called simple harmonic motion

• Time interval: time taken to complete one cycle

• Frequency: No. of cycles per unit time

• Amplitude: The max displacement of a vibrating body from its equilibrium

position
Some Basic Definitions

• Natural frequency: When no external force acts on a system after an

initial displacement, the body vibrates with its natural frequency.

• No. of degrees of freedom: The minimum number of independent

coordinates required to specify the motion of the system at any instant
defines the number of degrees of freedom of the system.

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Degrees of Freedom

The minimum number of independent coordinates required to determine completely the

positions of all parts of a system at any instant of time defines the number of degrees of
freedom of the system.
Systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom are called discrete or lumped parameter
systems, and those with an infinite number of degrees of freedom are called continuous or
distributed systems.
 Elementary Parts of Vibrating Systems
• Mass as a means for storing kinetic energy
• Spring as a means for storing potential (strain) energy
• Damper as a means by which energy is gradually lost

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Elementary Parts of Vibrating Systems

Equation:
The stiffness, of the spring is defined by the
relation
k = F/x

where,
F is the force applied on the body
x is the displacement produced by the force.

Similarly,
Damping is defined by the relation

c = F/ ẋ

The equation of motion for such a vibrating

system can be written as

mẍ + cẋ + kx = 0
Classification of Vibration

• Free Vibration. If a system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on

its own, the ensuing vibration is known as free vibration. No external force
acts on the system. The oscillation of a simple pendulum is an example of
free vibration.

• Forced Vibration. If a system is subjected to an external force (often, a

repeating type of force), the resulting vibration is known as forced vibration.
If the frequency of the external force coincides with one of the natural
frequencies of the system, a condition known as resonance occurs, and the
system undergoes dangerously large oscillations.

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Free Vibrations

• Longitudinal Vibrations: When the particles of the body move parallel to the
axis of the body, the vibration is known as longitudinal vibration.
• Transverse Vibrations: When the particles of the body move nearly
perpendicular to the axis of the body, the vibration is known as transverse
vibration.
• Torsional Vibrations: When the particles of the body move in a circle about
the axis of the body, the vibration is known as torsional vibration.

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Undamped and Damped Vibration

• If no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other resistance during

oscillation, the vibration is known as undamped vibration. If any
energy is lost in this way, however, it is called damped vibration.
Deterministic and Random Vibration

• If the value or magnitude of the excitation (force or motion) acting on a

vibratory system is known at any given time, the excitation is called
deterministic. The resulting vibration is known as deterministic vibration.
• In some cases, the excitation is nondeterministic or random; If the
excitation is random, the resulting vibration is called random vibration.
Deterministic and Random Vibration

Fig: Deterministic and random excitations.

Discrete and Continuous Systems

Systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom are called discrete or lumped
parameter systems, and those with an infinite number of degrees of freedom are called
continuous or distributed systems.
A large number of practical systems can be described using a finite number of degrees
of freedom, such as the simple systems shown in Figs. 1.10 to 1.13.
Some systems, especially those involving continuous elastic members, have an infinite
number of degrees of freedom.
As a simple example, consider the cantilever beam shown in Fig. 1.14. Since the beam
has an infinite number of mass points, we need an infinite number of coordinates to
specify its deflected configuration. The infinite number of coordinates defines its
elastic deflection curve. Thus, the cantilever beam has an infinite number of degrees of
freedom.
Importance of vibration

Most human activities involve vibration in one form or other. For example, we hear because our
eardrums vibrate and see because light waves undergo vibration.

Breathing is associated with the vibration of lungs and walking involves (periodic) oscillatory
motion of legs and hands.

We speak due to the oscillatory motion of tongue.

Naturally, the structures designed to support heavy centrifugal machines, like motors and turbines
or reciprocating machines, like steam and gas engines and reciprocating pumps are also subjected
to vibration.

In all these situations, the structure or machine component subjected to vibration can fail because
of material fatigue resulting from the cyclic variation of the induced stress.
Furthermore, the vibration causes more rapid wear of machine parts such as bearing and gears
and also creates excessive noise.

In machines, vibration causes fasteners such as nuts to become loose. In metal cutting
processes, vibration cans cause chatter, which leads to a poor surface finish.

In many engineering systems, a human being acts as an integral part of the system. The
transmission of vibration to human beings results in discomfort and loss of efficiency.

Vibration of instrument panels can cause their malfunction or difficulty in reading the meters.

Thus, one of the important purposes of vibration study is to reduce vibration through proper
design of machines and their mountings.

In this connection, the mechanical engineer tries to design the engine or machine so as to
minimize unbalance, while the structural engineer tries to design the supporting structure so as
to ensure that the effect of the imbalance will not be harmful.