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Overview

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Asiah Lokman
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4 views

Overview

Uploaded by

Asiah Lokman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

CHAPTER 1

OVERVIEW
4-2

Overview
4-3

What is a Computer?
 A computer is an electronic machine that accepts,
processes, stores and outputs information.
 A typical computer consists of two parts: hardware and
software.
 Hardware is any electronic or mechanical part of the
computer system that you can see or touch.
 Software is a set of instructions, called a program, which
tells a computer what to do.
4-4

The Main Components of a Computer

There is no clear distinction between matters related to computer organization and


matters relevant to computer architecture.
• Principle of Equivalence of Hardware and Software:
o Anything that can be done with software can also be done with hardware, and
anything that can be done with hardware can also be done with software.
4-5

Basic level
At the most basic level, a computer is a device consisting of
three pieces:
o A processor to interpret and execute programs
o A memory to store both data and programs
o A mechanism for transferring data to and from the outside
world.
4-6

Computer Hardware
• The CPU is the heart of the computer, a microprocessor
chip which processes data and coordinates the activities
of all the other units.

• The main memory holds the instructions and data which


are being processed by the CPU. It has two main
sections: RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM
(Read-Only Memory).
4-7

Computer Hardware
 Peripherals are the physical units attached to the
computer. They include:
 Input devices, which let us enter data and commands
(for example, the keyboard and the mouse).
 Output devices, which let us extract the results (for
example, the monitor and the printer).
 Storage devices, which are used to store information
permanently (for example hard disks and DVD-RW
drives).
4-8

Computer Hardware
 Disk drives are used to read and write data on disks.
 At the back of the computer there are ports into which
we can plug external devices (for example, a scanner, a
modem, etc.). They allow communication between the
computer and the devices.
4-9

Functions of a Computer
 Input: We enter data with a keyboard, a webcam, etc.
 Processing: The data is manipulated according to
program instructions.
 Storage: We keep programs and data in memory
systems where they are available for processing.
4-10

An Example System
4-11

Common Prefixes Associated with Computer Organization and Architecture


4-12

A bus operating at 133MHz has


a cycle time of 7.52
nanoseconds:
o 133,000,000 cycles/second =
7.52ns/cycle
o Bus: a group of wires that
moves data and instruction to
various places within the
computer
•
4-13

Computers with large main memory capacity can


run larger programs with greater speed than
computers having small memories.
• SDRAM: Synchronous Dynamic Random Access
Memory
o RAM is an acronym for random access
memory.
o Random access means that memory contents
can be accessed directly if you know its location.
• Cache is a type of temporary memory that can be
accessed faster than RAM.
o The cache in our system has a capacity of
kilobytes (KB), which is much smaller than main
memory.
o Level 1 cache (L1): a small, fast memory cache
that is built into the microprocessor chip and helps
speed up access to frequently used data
o Level 2 cache (L2): a collection of fast, built-in
memory chips situated between the
microprocessor and main memory
o In Chapter 6 you will learn how cache works,
and that a bigger cache isn’t always better.
4-14

• Hard Drive:
o SATA: Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
o EIDE: Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
• USB:
• o USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a popular external bus that supports Plug-and-Play
(the ability to configure devices automatically) as well as hot plugging (the ability
to add and remove devices while the computer is running).
• Ports:
• o Whereas the system bus is responsible for all data movement internal to the
computer, ports allow movement of data to and from devices external to the
computer.
• Serial ports vs. Parallel ports:
• o Serial ports transfer data by sending a series of electrical pulses across one or two
data lines. Parallel ports use at least eight data lines, which are energized
simultaneously to transmit data.
• Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is one such I/O bus that supports the
connection of multiple peripheral devices. PCI, developed by the Intel Corporation,
operates at high speeds and also supports Plug-and-Play such as PCI modem and
sound card.
• AGP (Accelerated Graphical Port) graphics card
4-15

As of August 2020, the largest


hard drive is 20 TB (while SSDs
can be much bigger at 100 TB,
mainstream consumer SSDs
cap at 8 TB).[ Smaller, 2.5-inch
drives, are available at up to
2TB for laptops, and 5TB as
external drives.
4-16

Historical Development

Generation Zero: Mechanical Calculating Machines (1642–


1945)
Calculating Clock - Wilhelm Schickard (1592 - 1635).
• Pascaline - Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662).
• Difference Engine - Charles Babbage (1791 - 1871), also
designed but never built the Analytical Engine.
• Punched card tabulating machines - Herman Hollerith (1860 -
1929).
4-17

The First Generation: Vacuum Tube Computers (1945–


1953)
4-18

The Second Generation: Transistorized Computers (1954–


1965)
4-19

The Third Generation: Integrated Circuit Computers


4-20

The von Neumann Model


4-21

A Typical Computer System


4-22
4-23

Lets Re-cap
A. Match the terms with their definitions.

1. CD/DVD drive a) any socket into which a peripheral device may be


connected
2. speaker b) device used to produce voice output and play back
music
3. modem c) mechanism that reads and/or writes to optical disks
d) device that converts data so that is can travel over the
4. port Internet
4-24

Lets Re-cap
B. Label the diagram with correct computer parts.

Computer
4-25

Lets Re-cap
B. Label the diagram with correct computer parts.

Computer

Software Hardware

Peripherals CPU Main Memory

Input Output RAM ROM

Storage
4-26

Lets Re-cap
C. Label the diagram with correct computer parts.
4-27

Tutorials
(a)What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
(b)Sketch the Von-Neumon Model. Describe each
component of the model.
(c) Levels of Machines of Von-Neumon Model.
(d) What is the function of compiler at high level language?

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