Logic gates and logic circuits

Chapter 10
Logic Gate
• What is Logic gate

• Takes input and produces output by performing operations on the input.

• The input and output are in the form of binary digits (0 or 1) .

AND Gate
Input Output / result
A= 0/ 1 A
X X= 0/ 1
B= 0/ 1 B

X= A AND B
Logic Gate
• Difference type of Logic gate
NOT Gate AND Gate

OR Gate NAND Gate

NOR Gate XOR Gate

Logic Gate
What is Logic Circuit

• Several logic gates combined together form logic circuit that are designed to perform
a specific function.

• The logic gate and logic circuit used truth table to check outputs.
Truth Table
• Truth tables are used to trace the output from a logic gate or logic circuit.

• When constructing truth tables, all possible combinations of 1s and Os which can be
input are considered.
A B
0 0
0 A 1 1
A X X
0 B
A X A B X(output)
0 0 ?
0 ?
0 1 ?
? 1 0 ?
1
1 1 ?
Truth Table
• For logic circuits, the number of inputs can be more than 2. A B C X
• For example :
• The number of the input = 3 0 0 0
• Possible combination= 2 no of input = 23 = 8
0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1
Truth Table
• For the no. of input =4
• Possible combination=24 = 16
Function of Logic gate
NOT Gate
Truth Table
A X A X

0 1

logic notation
1 0
X = NOT A

Function: The output, X, is the inverse of input A

Function of Logic gate
AND Gate
A Truth Table
X A B X(output)
B
0 0 0
logic notation
X = A AND B 0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Function: The output, X, is 1 if: input A and input B are both 1.

Function of Logic gate
OR Gate
A Truth Table
X A B X
B
0 0 0
logic notation
0 1 1
X = A OR B
1 0 1
1 1 1

Function: The output, X, is 1 if: input A or B is 1.

Function of Logic gate
NAND Gate
A Truth Table
X A B X
B
0 0 1
logic notation 0 1 1
X = A NAND B 1 0 1
1 1 0

Function: The output, X, is 1 if: input A AND input B are NOT both 1.
Function of Logic gate
NOR Gate
A Truth Table
X A B X
B
0 0 1
logic notation
0 1 0
X = A NOR B 1 0 0
1 1 0

Function: The output, X, is 1 if: neither input A nor B are 1.

Function of Logic gate
XOR Gate
A Truth Table
X
A B X
B
0 0 0
0 1 1
logic notation
X = A XOR B
1 0 1
1 1 0

Function: The output, X, is 1 if (A is 1 AND B is O) OR (A is O AND B is 1)

Logic Circuit
• When logic gates are connected they form a circuit.
• Logic circuits are designed to perform a particular function such as controlling robot.
• Logic circuits can be expressed as a circuit diagram, or as a written logic statement.
• The output from the logic circuit is checked using a truth table.
 how to produce a truth table
 how to design a logic circuit from a given logic statement/Boolean algebra
 how to design a logic circuit to carry out an actual safety function.
 How to produce a truth table for Logic Circuit

Input Working Output

P space

A B C P Q X
A AND B NOT C P OR Q

0 0 0 0 1 1
Q 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1. On the circuit diagram, add temporary letters of each gate’ output (P,Q) 0 1 1 0 0 0
2. Create a blank truth table, allowing space for all the temporary 1 0 0 0 1 1
letters
1 0 1 0 0 0
3. Write into the truth table all the possible unique input
combinations 1 1 0 1 1 1
4. In the truth table, calculate the output at each temporary letter 1 1 1 1 0 1
(each logic gate)
5. able to find the final output for the logic circuit after calculation of
each gate result ( temporary letters)
 How to produce a truth table for Logic Circuit

Input Working space Output

A B C P Q R X
A A AND B B NOR C P OR Q C XOR R
P
B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
R 0 0 1 1
0 0 0
X 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
C Q 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 0
How to produce a truth table for Logic Circuit

P
R

Pg no . 364
X Act 10.2 ( No 1 (a-e)
Q

Input Working Space Output

A B P Q R X
NOT A A OR B P AND Q Q OR R

0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1
Activity 3.2

Produce truth tables for each of the following logic circuits. You are
advised to split them up into intermediate parts to help eliminate
errors.
Input Working Space Output
P A B P Q R X
(A AND (A NOT (P OR
B) OR Q Q)
B)
0 0

R 0 1
Q
1 0
1 1
 For the given circuit, draw the truth table.

a. b.
How to design a logic circuit from a given logic
statement/Boolean algebra
Example:1

X=1 if (A AND B) OR ( B NAND C)

X= (A AND B) OR ( B NAND C)

Example:2

X=1 if ((NOT A) AND (A OR B)) OR (A OR B)

X=((NOT A) AND (A OR B)) OR (A NOR B)

Example:3
X= (NOT (A NAND B)) OR (B NOR C)
1. X= ( (A NAND B) XOR ( NOT B OR C)) OR (B NOR C)
2. X = ((((NOT A AND B) OR C) AND B) NOR (B OR C))
3. X = (A OR B) OR (NOT A AND B)
4. Y = (NOT A AND NOT B) AND (NOT B OR C)

• For given logic statement , draw logic circuit and truth table
How to design a logic circuit from a given logic statement

X=1 if (A =OFF OR B=ON) AND ( A=ON NOR B=OFF)

NOTE
ON=1
OFF=0
0= NOT 1

X= (A =NOT 1 OR B=1) AND ( A=1 NOR B=NOT 1) NOTE

A=1 A
A =NOT 1 NOT A
X= (NOT A OR B ) AND ( A NOR NOT B)
1. T= 1 if ( K is ON OR L is ON) OR ( K is ON AND M = OFF) OR (M is ON)
Draw logic circuit and truth table for given logic expression
Draw a logic circuits and complete the truth table for the following logic or Boolean expressions:
1. X = ((((NOT A AND B) OR C) AND B) NOR (B OR C))
2. X = (A OR B) OR (NOT A AND B)
3. Y = (NOT A AND NOT B) AND (NOT B OR C)
How to create logic statement from logic
circuit
X = R OR Q
P X = (P AND Q) OR Q
R
X = ((NOTA) AND Q) OR Q

X X = ((NOTA) AND (A OR B)) OR Q

Q
X = ((NOTA) AND (A OR B)) OR (A OR B)
 How to create logic statement from logic
circuit
A X = R XOR C
P
B
X = (P OR Q) XOR C
R
X X = ((A AND B) OR Q) XOR C
C Q
X = ((A AND B) OR (B NOR C)) XOR C
Exercise
(b)
Exercise
How to create from logic statement/Boolean
algebra from Truth table
Input Output
A B X To produce the logic statement, we only concern
ourselves with the truth table row where the output
0 0 0 value is 1.
In this case
0 1 0
A= 1 and B = 0 which gives logic statement
1 0 1 A AND NOT B
1 1 0

X = A AND NOT B
 How to create from logic statement/Boolean
algebra from Truth table
Which Boolean expression is represented by the following truth table?
Input Output
A B C X
0 0 0 1 A= 0 and B =0 and C = 0 = NOT A AND NOT B AND NOT C
Pg 370 0 0 1 0
(3,4,5(a)) 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 A= 1 and B =0 and C = 0 = A AND NOT B AND NOT C
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 A= 1 and B =1 and C = 0 = A AND B AND NOT C
1 1 1 0
X = (NOT A AND NOT B AND NOT C ) OR (A AND
NOTE .Join each expression using OR to NOT B AND NOT C) OR ( A AND B AND NOT C)
create final expression
C.
How to design a logic expression, circuit and truth
table from a given problem
A safety system uses three inputs to a logic circuit. An alarm, X, sounds
if input A represents ON and input B represents OFF;
or
if input B represents ON and input C represents OFF.
Produce a logic circuit and truth table to show the conditions which cause the output X to be 1. (Note
ON=1 and OFF=0)

X = 1 if ( A=ON AND B=OFF) OR (B= ON and C=OFF)

X = ( A=1 AND B=0) OR (B= 1 and C=0)

X = ( A AND NOT B) OR (B AND NOT C)

 Input Working space Outpu
X = ( A AND NOT B) OR (B and NOT C) t
A B C P Q R S X
NOT B NOT C A AND P B AND Q R OR S
A
P R
B 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
X
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
S 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
C Q 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Truth Table
THANK YOU…….