CSC 101

Introduction to
Computing

Lecture 12
Dr. Iftikhar Azim Niaz
[email protected]

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 Last Lecture Summary I
 Components Affecting Speed
 Achieving Increased Processor Speed
 Registers
 Functions and Size
 User accessible and other types of Registers
 System or Internal Clock
 Clock speed and clock rate
 Underclocking
 Overclocking

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 Last Lecture Summary II
 Cache memory
 Function operation
 Type: Instruction, data and TLB
 Multi Level Cache, L1, L2 and L3
 Intel Cache Evolution
 Memory Hierarchy
 Bus
 Bus width and speed
 Bus Interconnection Scheme
 Data, address and control bus
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 A Look Inside The Processor
 Architecture
 Determines
 Location of CPU parts
 Bit size
 Number of registers
 Pipelines
 Best Known families of CPU
 RISC and CISC
 Parallel Processing

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 Intel Processors
 Leading manufacturer of processors
 Intel 4004 was worlds first microprocessor
 IBM PC powered by Intel 8086
 Current processors
 Centrino
 Itanium
 Pentium IV
 Xeon
 Core 2 Duo
 I3, I5, i7

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 x86 Evolution (1)
 8080
 first general purpose microprocessor

 8 bit data path

 Used in first personal computer – Altair

 8086 – 5MHz – 29,000 transistors

 much more powerful

 16 bit

 instruction cache, prefetch few instructions

 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC

 80286
 16 Mbyte memory addressable

 up from 1Mb

 80386
 32 bit

 Support for multitasking

 80486
 sophisticated powerful cache and instruction pipelining

 built in maths co-processor

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 x86 Evolution (2)
 Pentium
 Superscalar
 Multiple instructions executed in parallel
 Pentium Pro
 Increased superscalar organization
 Aggressive register renaming
 branch prediction
 data flow analysis
 speculative execution
 Pentium II
 MMX technology
 graphics, video & audio processing
 Pentium III
 Additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
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 x86 Evolution (3)
 Pentium 4
 Note Arabic rather than Roman numerals
 Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
 Core
 First x86 with dual core
 Core 2
 64 bit architecture
 Core 2 Quad – 3GHz – 820 million transistors
 Four processors on chip
 x86 architecture dominant outside embedded systems
 Organization and technology changed dramatically
 Instruction set architecture evolved with backwards compatibility
 ~1 instruction per month added
 500 instructions available
 See Intel web pages for detailed information on processors

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Intel Processors (1970’s and
1980’s)

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Intel Processors (1990’s and
2000’s)

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 Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
Processors
 Main competitor to Intel
 Originally produced budget products
 Current products outperform Intel
 Current processors
 Sempron
 Athlon FX 64
 Athlon XP
 Athlon X2
 Phenom
 Sempron

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Leading Processor
Manufacturer

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 Freescale (Motorola)
 Processors
A subsidiary of Motorola
 Co-developed the Apple G4 PowerPC
 Currently focuses on the Linux market

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IBM Processors
 Historically manufactured mainframes
 Partnered with Apple to develop G5
 First consumer 64 bit chip

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Comparing Processors
 Speed of processor
 Size of cache
 Number of registers
 Word size
 Speed of Front Side Bus (FSB)

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 CPU’s Performance
Specifications
Specification AMD Intel Pentium PowerMac
Athlon IV G5
64 FX
Registers 16 16 80
Word size 64 bits 32 bits 64bits
System Bus 1.6 GHz 800 MHz 1 GHz
Speed
L1 Cache 128 KB NA NA
L2 Cache 1024 KB 512 512

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CPU’s Performance
Specifications

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 CISC Processors
 Complex Instruction Set Computers
 single instructions can execute several low-level
operations
 such as a load from memory, an arithmetic operation, and a
memory store) and/or
 are capable of multi-step operations or addressing modes
within single instructions
 to design instruction sets that directly supported high-level
programming constructs
 such as procedure calls, loop control, and complex addressing
modes,
 allowing data structure and array accesses to be combined
into single instructions
 Intel x86, Pentium series 18
Driving force for CISC
 Software costs far exceed hardware costs
 Increasingly complex high level languages
 Semantic gap
 Leads to:
 Large instruction sets
 More addressing modes
 Hardware implementations of HLL statements
 e.g. CASE (switch) on VAX

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Intention of CISC
 Ease compiler writing
 Improve execution efficiency
 Complex operations in microcode
 Support more complex HLLs

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 RISC Processors
 Reduced Instruction Set Computing
 Smaller instruction sets
 May process data faster
 can provide higher performance if this
simplicity enables much faster execution of
each instruction
 now used across a wide range of platforms,
from cellular telephones and tablet computers
 ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and G5, Apple iPhone
and iPad
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 RISC Key Features
 Large number of general purpose registers
 or use of compiler technology to optimize register
use
 Limited and simple instruction set
 Emphasis on optimising the instruction pipeline
 typically have separate instructions for I/O and
data processing
 at most a single data memory cycle—compared
to the "complex instructions" of CISC CPUs that
may require dozens of data memory cycles in
order to execute a single instruction.
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Comparison of RISC and
CISC

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 Parallel Processing
 Multiple processors in a system
 with multi-core and multi-processor computers having
multiple processing elements within a single machine
 while Clusters, Massively Parallel Processing (MPPs), and
grids use multiple computers to work on the same task.
 Specialized parallel computer architectures are sometimes
used alongside traditional processors, for accelerating
specific tasks.
 Symmetric Multiple Processing
 Number of processors is a power of 2
 Massively Parallel Processing
 Thousands of processors
 Mainframes and super computers
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 Parallel Computer Programs
 Parallel computer programs are more difficult
to write than sequential ones
 concurrency introduces several new classes of
potential software bugs, of which race conditions
are the most common.
 Communication and synchronization between the
different subtasks are typically some of the greatest
obstacles to getting good parallel program
performance

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Buses

 A bus allows the various

devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate with
each other
 Data bus
 Address bus
 Word size is the number
of bits the processor can
interpret and execute at
a given time

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 Ports and Connectors

A port is the point at which a peripheral

attaches to or communicates with a
system unit (sometimes referred to as a
jack)

A connector joins a cable to a port

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Ports and Connectors

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 Ports and Connectors
 On a notebook computer, the ports are on the
back, front, and/or sides

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Standard Computer Ports
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 USB ports
 Parallel
 Network
 Modem
 Audio
 Serial
 Video

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Standard Computer Ports

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Standard Computer Ports

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Serial and parallel ports
 Extending The Processors Power
 Connect to printers or modems
 Parallel ports move bits simultaneously
 Made of 8 – 32 wires
 Internal busses are parallel
 Serial ports move one bit
 Lower data flow than parallel
 Requires control wires
 UART converts from serial to parallel

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 Serial Communications
 Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
(UART) is a type of "asynchronous
receiver/transmitter", a piece of computer hardware
that translates data between parallel and serial forms.

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 Parallel Communications
 a parallel interface
can handle a higher
volume of data than
a serial interface
 more than one bit
can be transmitted
through a parallel
interface
simultaneously

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Expansion Bus

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 Buses
 Expansion slots connect to expansion buses
 Common types of expansion buses include:

Accelerated
PCI bus PCI Express bus
Graphics Port

USB and FireWire

PC Card bus
bus

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Expansion Slots and Boards
 Allows users to configure the machine
 Slots allow the addition of new devices
 Devices are stored on cards
 Computer must be off before inserting

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Expansion Slots and Adapter
Cards
An expansion slot is a
socket on the
motherboard that can
hold an adapter card
 An adapter card
enhances functions of a
component of the system
unit and/or provides
connections to
peripherals
 Sound card and video
card

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 Expansion Slots and Adapter
Cards flash memory includes:
 Removable
 Memory cards, USB flash drives, and PC
Cards/Express Card modules

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 External Bus Standards
 Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
 Local bus
 Peripheral Control Interface (PCI)
 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
 PC Card
 High Definition Multimedia Interface
(HDMI)

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 Industry Standard
 Architecture
bus standard for IBM PC compatible computers
introduced with the IBM Personal Computer to
support its Intel 8088 microprocessor's 8-bit external
data bus and
 extended to 16 bits for the IBM Personal
Computer/AT's Intel 80286 processor.
 further extended for use with 32-bit processors as
Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA)
 the ISA bus was synchronous with the CPU clock,
until sophisticated buffering methods were
developed and implemented by chipsets to interface
ISA to much faster CPUs
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Industry standard
Architecture (ISA)

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 VESA Local Bus
 VESA (Video Electronics Standards
Association) Local Bus worked alongside the
ISA bus;
 it acted as a high-speed conduit for memory-
mapped I/O and DMA,
 while the ISA bus handled interrupts and port-
mapped I/O.

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 Peripheral Control Interface
 (PCI)
Connects modems and sound cards
 Found in most modern computers
 higher maximum system bus throughput
 lower I/O pin count and smaller physical
footprint
 better performance-scaling for bus devices
 more detailed error detection and reporting
mechanism (Advanced Error Reporting (AER)
 native hot-plug functionality.
 More recent revisions of the PCI standard
support hardware I/O virtualization. 45
Peripheral Control Interface
(PCI)

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 Accelerated Graphics Port
(AGP)
Connects video card to motherboard
 Extremely fast bus
 Found in all modern computers
 high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching
a video card to a computer's motherboard,
primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D
computer graphics. Since 2004 AGP has been
progressively phased out in favor of PCI
Express (PCIe).

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 Accelerated Graphics Port
 (AGP)
primary advantage of
AGP over PCI is that it
provides a dedicated
pathway between the
slot and the processor
rather than sharing the
PCI bus.
 Lack of contention for
the bus, the direct
connection allows for
higher clock speeds.
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 Ports and Connectors

 Other types of ports include:

Firewire Bluetooth
SCSI port
port port

eSATA Serial
IrDA port
port port

MIDI port

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SCSI
 Small Computer
System Interface
 Supports dozens
of devices
 External devices
daisy chain
 Fast hard drives
and CD-ROMs

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 SCSI
 Instead of forcing the user to plug multiple cards into
the computer’s expansion slots, a single SCSI adapter
ex tends the bus outside the computer by way of a
cable. SCSI is like an extension cord for the data bus.
 define commands, protocols, and electrical and optical
interfaces
 intelligent, peripheral, buffered, peer to peer interface.
 hides the complexity of physical format
 Up to 8 or 16 devices can be attached to a single bus
 There can be any number of hosts and peripheral
devices but there should be at least one host

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 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
 an industry standard that defines the cables, connectors and
communications protocols used in a bus for connection,
communication and power supply between computers and
electronic devices
 USB 1.0 and 1.1
 Specified data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low-Bandwidth) and 12 Mbit/s
(Full-Bandwidth).
 Does not allow for extension cables or pass-through monitors (due
to timing and power limitations)
 USB 2.0:
 Added higher maximum bandwidth of 480 Mbit/s (60 MB/s) (now
called "Hi-Speed")
 USB 3.0
 Maximum transmission speed of up to 5 Gbit/s (625 MB/s), which is
more than 10 times as fast as USB 2.0 (480 Mbit/s, or 60 MB/s)
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USB
 Universal Serial Bus
 Most popular external bus
 Supports up to 127 devices
 Hot swappable

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 USB
 A USB port can connect up to 127 different
peripherals together with a single connector
 You can attach multiple peripherals using a single
USB port with a USB hub

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 Firewire (IEEE 1394)
 FireWire, is a serial bus interface standard for
high-speed communications and isochronous
real-time data transfer.
 The 1394 interface is comparable with USB
and often those two technologies are
considered together, though USB has more
market share
 IEEE 1394 replaced parallel SCSI in many
applications, because of lower implementation
costs and a simplified, more adaptable cabling
system
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Firewire (IEEE 1394)
 Cameras and video equipment
 Hot swappable
 Port is very expensive so is not very popular

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 PC Cards
 PC Card was originally designed for computer storage
expansion,
 but the existence of a usable general standard for
notebook peripherals led to many kinds of devices being
made available based on the form factor, including
 network cards,
 modems, and
 hard disks.
 The cards were also used in early digital SLR cameras,
such as the Kodak DCS 300 series
 Their original use as storage expansion is no longer
common.

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PC Cards
 Used on laptops
 Hot swappable
 Devices are the size of a credit card

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 PC Cards
 Expansion bus for laptops
 PCMCIA
 Hot swappable
 Small card size
 Three types, I, II and III
 Type II is most common

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 HDMI
 HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a compact
audio/video interface for transferring uncompressed digital
audio/video data from a HDMI-compliant device ("the
source" or "input") to a compatible digital audio device,
computer monitor, video projector, and digital television
 Type A Nineteen pins, with bandwidth to support all SDTV,
EDTV and HDTV modes
 Type B has 29 pins and can carry six differential pairs
instead of three, for use with very high-resolution future
displays such as WQUXGA (3,840×2,400)
 Type C intended for portable devices
 Type D keeps the standard 19 pins of types A and C but
shrinks the connector size to something resembling a
micro-USB connector 60
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Bluetooth and IrDA
A smart phone might
A Bluetooth wireless port communicate with a
adapter converts a USB port notebook computer using
into a Bluetooth port an IrDA port

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 Plug and Play
 With Plug and Play, the computer automatically
can configure adapter cards and other
peripherals as you install them

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Plug and Play
 New hardware detected automatically
 Prompts to install drivers
 Non-technical users can install devices

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Ports and Connectors

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Ports and Connectors
 A port replicator is an
external device that
provides connections
to peripherals through
ports built into the
device
 A docking station is an
external device that
attaches to a mobile
computer or device
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Bays
 A bay is an opening
inside the system unit
in which you can
install additional
equipment
 A drive bay typically
holds disk drives

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 Power Supply

The power supply converts the

wall outlet AC power into DC power

Some external peripherals have an

AC adapter, which is an external
power supply
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Putting It All Together

Home Small Office/ Mobile

Intel Core i5 or Home Office Intel Core i7 Extreme
Intel Core 2 i3 or Intel Core i7 or or
AMD Athlon II or Intel Core i7 Extreme Intel Core i7 or
AMD Sempron or AMD Phenom II or AMD Phenom II or
AMD Athlon II AMD Turion II
Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Minimum RAM: 4 GB Minimum RAM: 2 GB

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Putting It All Together

Power Enterprise
Intel Xeon or Intel Core i7 or
Intel Itanium or Intel Core i7 Extreme
AMD Opteron or AMD Phenom II or
Minimum RAM: 8 GB AMD Athlon II

Minimum RAM: 4 GB

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 Keeping Your Computer or Mobile
Device Clean

Clean your computer or mobile device once or twice a year

Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile device before

cleaning it

Use compressed air to blow away dust

Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of the case and

a cleaning solution and soft cloth to clean the screen

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 Summary
 Processor architecture
 Intel Processors
 AMD Processors
 Motorola Processors
 IBM Processors
 Comparing Processors
 Speed, Cache size, Registers, Word Size, FSB
 RISC and CISC Processors
 Parallel Processing

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 Summary II
 External Bus
 Ports and Connectors
 Standard Computer Ports
 Serial, Parallel, VGA, Component Port, DVI
 Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards
 External Bus Standards
 ISA, PCI, AGP, USB,
 IEEE 1394 (Firewire), PC card, HDMI
 Bluetooth and IrDA
 Plug and Play
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Recommended Websites
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGP
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Card

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