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Wattmeter 1

Electrical instruments are used to measure electrical quantities and can be classified as either absolute or secondary instruments. Secondary instruments further include indicating, integrating, and recording instruments. Electrodynamic instruments operate based on the interaction between two coils carrying current, producing a torque proportional to the product of the currents. Wattmeters specifically measure power using a fixed coil to produce a magnetic field and a moving coil, with the deflection of the moving coil indicating power. Errors in wattmeters can occur due to the inductance of the moving voltage coil and must be compensated for accurate measurements.

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282 views

Wattmeter 1

Electrical instruments are used to measure electrical quantities and can be classified as either absolute or secondary instruments. Secondary instruments further include indicating, integrating, and recording instruments. Electrodynamic instruments operate based on the interaction between two coils carrying current, producing a torque proportional to the product of the currents. Wattmeters specifically measure power using a fixed coil to produce a magnetic field and a moving coil, with the deflection of the moving coil indicating power. Errors in wattmeters can occur due to the inductance of the moving voltage coil and must be compensated for accurate measurements.

Uploaded by

khawar iqbal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Presented by: Muhammad Asim Latif 937/BSEE/FET/F08

Definition:
The instrument which are used to measure electrical quantities are called Electrical Instruments. y Example: Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter
y

Classification:
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Absolute Instruments: Give the value of the


quantity to be measured in terms of constant of the instrument.

y y

Example:
x Tangent Galvanometer

Secondary Instrument: Determine the


electrical quantity to be measured directly in terms of deflection.

Secondary Instrument
1. Indicating Instrument: Indicate the magnitude of electrical quantity being measured instantaneously Example: Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter 2.Integrating Instrument: Add up the electrical quantity and measure in a given period of time. Example: Energy meter 3. Recording Instrument: Give a continuous record of variation of the electrical quantity being measured Example: ECG

Secondary Electrodynamics Instrument (Wattmeter)

Electrodynamic Instrument
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Introduction:
Operation is based on the mechanical interaction between two conductors in which an electric current is present. The most common Electrodynamic instruments have a fixed coil, inside of which is a movable coil and a pointer on a spindle. A torque is developed around the spindle by the interaction of the currents in the two coils and is proportional to the product of the effective values of the currents.

Circuit Diagram

Electro dynamic type Instruments:


 Fixed coil:

The magnetic field is produced by the fixed coil which is divided into two sections to give more uniform field near the centre and to allow passage of the instrument shaft.
 Moving coil:

The moving coil is wound either as a self-sustaining coil or else on a non-magnetic former. Light but rigid construction is used for the moving coil.
 Springs:

The controlling torque is provided by two control springs. These hairsprings also act as leads of current to the moving coil.

Continued.
 Dampers: Air friction damping is employed for these instruments and is provided by a pair of Aluminum-vanes attached to the spindle at the bottom. These vanes move in a sector shaped chamber.  Shielding:

Electro-dynamic instruments are effectively shielded from the effects of external magnetic fields by enclosing the mechanism in a laminated iron hollow cylinder with closed ends.

Electrodynamics Wattmeter
Theory:
When current flows it is induced onto the coils which causes a rotor to rotate inside the stator casing of the meter. The rotation of the rotor causes the display dials to count up at certain values per rotation.

Operation:
The operation of the dynamometer wattmeter is based on the interaction of the magnetic fields of the movable and fixed coils as an electrical current passes through them.

Dynamometer type Wattmeter


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Principle: When the current carrying coil is


placed in the magnetic field produced by the current carrying fixed coil, a mechanical force on the coil sides of the moving coil and deflection take place.

In other words, when the field produced by the current carrying coil tries to come in line with the field produced by the current carrying fixed coil, a deflecting torque is exerted on the moving system.

Power measurements
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For DC Case:
In the case of direct current the torque, which causes a deviation in the movable part of the device and in the needle (indicator) connected to the device, is proportional to the product of the current intensity and the voltage potential

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y

For AC Case:
In the case of alternating current, it is also proportional to the cosine of the angle of displacement of the phases between the current and the voltage potential

Circuit Diagram

Remarks:
 The

moving coil is usually called the voltage coil (or pressure coil) and carries a small current proportional to voltage across the coil.  The fixed coils are called the current coils and will carry load current.  The terminal M is connected to the source side where as the terminal L is connected to the load side.

Wattmeter Error

How to Compensate Wattmeter Error?

Inductance of VoltageCoil Voltage Introduces an Error in Wattmeter

Remarks:
The effect of inductance in the moving coil circuit is to cause the wattmeter to read high on lagging power factor. y For leading power factor the wattmeter will read low. y Correction factor is zero at load of unity power factor.
y

Advantages and disadvantages of electro-dynamic electroinstruments


y y y y

Advantages: Free from hysteresis and eddy current errors. Applicable to both dc and ac circuits. Precision grade accuracy for 40 Hz to 500 Hz. Electro-dynamic voltmeters give accurate r.m.s values of voltage irrespective of waveforms.

Disadvantages:
y y y

Low torque/weight ratio, hence more frictional errors. More expensive than PMMC or MI instruments. Power consumption higher than PMMC but less than MI instruments.

The End

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