GEOGRAPHY GRADE 8
SETTLEMENT TERM THREE
URBAN AND RURAL SETTLEMENT
URBAN SETTLEMENT
• Bigger than rural settlement.
• Smaller urban areas are called towns.
• Large urban areas are called cities.
• People work in buildings such as shopping centres, offices and
factories.
• Some work on the streets as vendors.
LAND USE WITHIN URBAN
SETTLEMENT
• Largest part is used for houses where people live.
• Other parts are for businesses, shops, parks, stadiums and transport
centres (train/bus stations)
• Business and shops are in the centre of the city or town (CBD)
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD)
• In the middle of an urban area.
• There are many shops, offices and government buildings.
ZONES FOR LIGHT AND HEAVY
INDUSTRY
• E.g. of light industries are clothing, food and drink
processing, electrical industries and furniture
making.
• E.g. of heavy industries use heavy resources such
as coal and iron ore (steel manufacturing and oil
refinery)
RESIDENTIAL AREAS
• High income residential have the most expensive properties
(modern/classy house or mansions).
• Middle income have medium sized properties.
• Low income residential areas have smaller properties (RDP) – may be
overcrowded and not built well.
SHOPPING CENTRES
• Large areas where there are many shops under one roof.
• Close to middle income residential areas.
• Car parks, bus and taxi ranks are close to shopping centres.
SERVICES AND RECREATION
• To provide services to people, e.g. transport, home services and
selling food.
• Service centres such as bus and train stations.
• Sports stadiums, nature reserve parks, swimming clubs etc.
SERVICES AND RECREATION
RURAL SETTLEMENT (farming,
mining, forestry and fishing )
FARMING SETTLEMENT
• Main activity is producing food.
• When people grow food for themselves and their families is called
subsistence farming.
• Commercial farming produces food to sell, they operate like factories.
• Commercial farms are large areas, hire many people and produce
large quantities of food.
SUBSISTENCE FARMING AND
COMMERCIAL FARMING
MINING SETTLEMENT
• Many of the jobs in modern mines are industrial.
• The first miners in South Africa were farmers who learnt how to take
iron out of rocks to make weapons.
• Popular mining settlements are in Kimberley, Johannesburg,
Newcastle, Welkom
MINING IN SA
FORESTRY SETTLEMENT
• Where wood is planted.
• Some settlements develop close to forests.
• People may find jobs in saw mills, pulp and paper mills or just from
cutting trees.
• In Gabon the government controls the forests, and the people are
only given 5km strips to cut down trees to sell.
FISHING SETTLEMENT
• Important for people who live close to large lakes and long coastline
of Africa.
• The whole community may be involved in fishing in many ways.
• Some people make nets or build boats to catch fish.
• Other catch fish by pulling in the nets and they sell the fish.
UNIT 2: Land use on aerial
photographs and large scale maps
1. What aerial photographs look like :
They show views of land taken from a camera that is fixed under a
special plane.
The photo is taken directly above an area from a plane in the air.
There are two types of aerial photographs being (vertical and
oblique).
VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS
• The camera is attached under the aeroplane and remains level and
parallel with the ground
• They show a view of the land similar to a map view.
• More useful to mapmakers (They show the map view).
OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPHS
• Show a view from above at an angle ( not parallel to the ground).
• Are easier to interpret/read as they show objects more like the way
we see them.
• There are two types, High angle oblique (see the horizon) and Low
angle oblique (cannot see the horizon)
URBANISATION
• The increasing number of people living in towns and cities and not in
rural areas.
• Push factors: Failure of crops, droughts and floods, poverty and
hunger, little or no job opportunities, lack of schools and colleges and
long distances to reach doctors and clinics.
• Pull factors: Job opportunities, access to education, better health
care, access to water and electricity, safety and security
