Carbon and

its
Compounds
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 Contents
• Carbon
• Why is Carbon so Special ?
(i)Tetravalency
(ii)Catenation
(iii)Polymerization
(iv)Isomerism
• Allotropes of Carbon
• Electron - Dot structure
• Hydrocarbons
• Functional Groups
• Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
 Carbon
• Carbon (from Latin Carbo 'coal') is a chemical element
with the symbol C and atomic number 6.
• It belongs to group 14 of the Periodic table.
• Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth’s
crust.
• Three isotopes occur naturally, 12C and 13C being stable,
while 14C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of
about 5,730 years.
 Why is Carbon so Special ?
Tetravalency
• Carbon’s atomic number is 6 and its electronic
configuration is 2, 4 which means it has 4 electrons in
its outermost shell.
• Carbon can neither lose nor gain 4 electrons so it forms COVALENT
BONDS.
• Carbon forms four covalent bonds to complete its octet.
• Carbon doesn’t form ionic bond as it can not lose or gain electrons.
Catenation
• The words to catenate and catenation reflect the
Latin root catena, "chain".
• In chemistry, catenation is the bonding of atoms
of the same element into a series, called a chain.
• A chain or a ring shape may be open if its ends
are not bonded to each other (an open-chain
compound), or closed if they are bonded in a
ring (a cyclic compound).
Polymerization
• Polymerisation is a process of reacting monomer
molecules together in a chemical reaction to
form
polymer chains or three-dimensional networks.
• Carbon has a unuque ability to form covalent
bonds with many other atoms, so it often forms
Polymers.
• Natural polymers of carbon include rubber and
cellulose.
• Polymers that contain hydrogen and carbon
atoms are known as hydrocarbons.
Isomerism
• In chemistry, isomers are molecules or
polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae
– that is, same number of atoms of each element
– but different structures of the same molecule.
• Two main forms of isomerism are:
(i)Structural or constitutional isomerism, in which
bonds between the atoms differ.
(ii)Stereoisomerism or spatial isomerism, in which
the bonds are the same but the relative
positions of the atoms differ.
 Allotropes of Carbon
• Allotropes are the various existing forms of an element bonded to each other
in a different manner, exhibiting identical chemical properties but different
physical properties.
• There are three allotropes of carbon:

Diamond
• Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its
atoms arranged in a crystal structure.
• Diamond is the most hard and thermal conductive
substance on earth.
• In Diamond, every carbon atom is attached to four
carbon atoms.
Graphite
• Graphite is a crystalline form of the element
carbon.
• It consists of stacked layers of graphene.
• Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable
form of carbon under standard conditions.
Fullerene
• A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecule
consists of carbon atoms connected by single and
double bonds so as to form a closed or partially
closed
mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms.
 Electron – Dot structure
• Electron – dot structures are diagrams that show the
bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the
lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.
• An electron – dot structure can be drawn for
any covalently
bonded molecule, as well as coordination compounds.
• Lines are drawn between atoms that are bonded to one
another (pairs of dots can be used instead of lines).
• Excess electrons that form lone pairs are represented
as pairs of dots, and are placed next to the atoms.
 Hydrocarbons
• A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting
entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
• Hydrocarbons are generally colourless and
hydrophobic.
Types of Hydrocarbons:
Saturated Hydrocarbon
• Saturated hydrocarbons(called “Alkanes”) are
composed
entirely of single bonds and are saturated with
hydrogen.
Propane(C3H8)
•
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons comprising double or triple
bonds between carbon atoms.There are two types of unsaturated
hydrocarbons:
(i)Alkenes
• Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons comprising one
double bond between carbon atoms.
• General formula: CnH2n.
(ii)Alkynes
• Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons comprising one
triple bond between carbon atoms.
• General formula: CnH2n-2.
 Functional groups
• A functional group is a substituent or moiety in
a molecule
that causes the molecule's
characteristic chemical reactions. Aldehyde(-CHO)
• The same functional group will undergo the
same Group
or
Functional Representation Functional
Group Representation
similar chemical reactions regardless R-X
of the
Alcohol R-OH Alkyl Halide
rest of the X: Cl,I,Br etc.
Ketone R-(C=O)-R Ether R-O-R’
molecule's composition. Ketone(-(C=O)-)
R-C-H R-C-OH
Aldehyde ll Carboxylic acid ll
O O
 Homologous series
• Homologus series is a group of carbon compounds having similar
structures, similar chemical properties and whose successive
members differ by a – CH2 group. Eg :- Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes
etc.
Nomenclature of Organic
Compounds
Name – Root word + Primary suffix +
Functional Group
e.g. C3H6
Root word – C3: Prop-
Primary sufix – Double bond: -ene
So, name – Prop+ene = Propene
CH3COOH
Root word – C2: Eth-
Primary suffix – Single bond: -ane
Functional Group - -oic acid
So, name – Eth+ane+oic acid – Ethanoic
acid
 Chemical properties of Carbon
Compounds
Combustion