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Lecture 3

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Lecture 3

Uploaded by

zhaniya
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 3

Topic: Software.
Operating Systems
Software is a generic term for
organized collections of computer
data and instructions, often
broken into two major categories:

system software that provides


the basic non-task-specific
functions of the computer,
application software which is
used by users to accomplish
specific tasks.
Software classification
What is an Operating System?
 a set of programs that provide
management of computer equipment,
planning efficient use of its resources
and the tasks for user tasks.
 OS goals:

Control/execute user/application
programs.

Make the computer system convenient to
use.

Ease the solving of user problems.

Use the computer hardware in an efficient
The Three Elements of an
OS

 User Interface – The part of the OS that


you interface with.
 Kernel – The core of the OS. Interacts
with the BIOS (at one end), and the UI
(at the other end).
 File Management System – Organizes
and manages files.
Where does the OS fit in?
Basic functions of the
operating system
Device configuration
Controls peripheral devices connected to the computer

File management
Transfers files between main memory and secondary
storage, manages file folders, allocates the secondary
storage space, and provides file protection and
Operating recovery
System
Memory management
Allocates the use of random access memory (RAM) to
requesting processes

Interface platform
Allows the computer to run other applications
Systems and Their
Differences

 Network Operating System


 UNIX / Linux / MS Windows2000 Server

 Desktop Operating System


 MS Windows 9X/Me / Mac OS / DOS

 Mobile Operating System


 Palm OS and Pocket PC
Types of OS:
Operating System can also be classified as

 Single User Systems

 Multi User Systems


Single User Systems:
 Provides a platform for only one user
at a time.
 They are popularly associated with
Desktop operating system which run
on standalone systems where no user
accounts are required
 Example: DOS
Multi-User Systems:

 Provides regulated access for a number of


users by maintaining a database of known
users

 Refers to computer systems that support


two or more simultaneous users
Examples of Multiuser
Operating Systems
Linux/UNIX
 MAC OS X
 Red Hat Linux
 SUN UNIX
Microsoft NT, 2000
And many others, mostly on mainframes and minicomputers

13
Advantages/Disadvantages of Multiuser
Operating Systems

Advantages
 Central location for the

installation and administration


of all software and data
 More cost effective - less

expensive than multiple


computers (PCs, Macs)

Disadvantages
 Single source for possible

problems
 Loss of individual user control

of their own software, data,


and peripherals

14
Virtual Memory

Virtual Memory (VM) = the ability of the CPU and the


operating system software to use the hard disk drive as
additional RAM when needed (safety net)

15
Type of Operating System
 Batch processing
 Real time processing
 Time sharing processing
Batch processing
 Jobs, together with input data, are
fed into the system in a batch.
 The jobs are run one after another.
 No job can be started until
previous job is completed
Real time processing
 immediate response is needed
 For example
 anti-missile defense system (в
противоракетной обороне)
 airplane landing control system (система
управления посадки самолета)
Time sharing processing
 Each user is given a time slice to interact
with the CPU (Каждый пользователь
получает время, чтобы
взаимодействовать с процессором).
 The size of the time slice will depend on
the system.
 Each user is served in sequence.
Time-sharing between
process A and process B
Processes
 Process: The activity of executing a program
(NOT THE SAME THING AS A PROGRAM!!!)
 Program – static set of directions (instructions)

Process – dynamic entity whose properties change
as time progresses. It is an instance in execution
of a program.
 Process State: Current status of the activity
 Program counter

General purpose registers

Related portion of main memory
Different Types of Operating
System
Memory Manager
 Has the task of coordinating the use of
main memory – allocates/deallocates
space in main memory
 When the total required memory space
exceeds the physical available space.
 May create the illusion that the machine has
more memory than it actually does (virtual
memory) by playing a “shell game” in which
blocks of data (pages) are shifted back and
forth between main memory and mass storage
Operating System
Structure
 Multiprogramming needed for efficiency
 Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at

all times
 Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so

CPU always has one to execute


 A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory

 One job selected and run via job scheduling

 When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS

switches to another job



Unlike sitting idle in a non-multiprogrammed
system
 The idea is common in other life situations (e.g.,

as long as at least one job needs to execute, the CPU is never idle…
lawyers)
Utility is
 a program that performs a very
specific task, usually related to
managing system resources.
Operating systems contain a
number of utilities for managing
disk drives, printers, and other
devices.
Questions:
1.Classification of software
2. Operating system is …
3. Elements of operating system
4. Classifications of operating system
5. Virtual memory is …
6. Utility is…
7. Examples of utility

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