CAPTURE FISHERIES

CAPTURE FISHERIES

GERONIMO R. ROSARIO
Assistant Professor IV
PSU BINMALEY CAMPUS
INTRODUCTION
Fisheries- refers to all activities relating to the act or business
of fishing, culturing, preserving, processing, marketing,
developing, conserving and managing aquatic resources and
the fishery area including the privilege to fish or take aquatic
resources thereof. (RA 10654)

Major Divisions of Fisheries

• Aquaculture
• Capture Fisheries
• Aquatic Resources and Ecology
• Post Harvest
INTRODUCTION
• Aquaculture- farming of aquatic organisms under controlled or
semi-controlled conditions in fresh, brackish and salt water.
• Capture fisheries- refer to all kinds of harvesting of naturally
occurring living resources in both marine and freshwater
environments.
• Aquatic Resources and Ecology- study of water and its multiple
roles as a natural resource and in supporting all human, animal
and plant life and the functional relationship between the biotic
and abiotic components of the aquatic environment.
• Post-harvest- includes the different processes and techniques
employed in post-harvest handling, processing and marketing
of aquatic products from the time of harvesting to final
utilization.
INTRODUCTION

Navigation and
Oceanography Fisheries Laws
Seamanship

CAPTURE Fisheries
Meteorology Management
FISHERIES

Marine Fishing Fish Stock

Machineries Systems Assessment
SECTORS OF FISHERIES
• 1. Aquaculture
• 2. Municipal Fisheries
• 3. Commercial Fisheries

• Municipal Fisheries- refers to fishing within municipal

waters using fishing vessels of three (3) gross tons or less,
or fishing not requiring the use of fishing vessels. Municipal
waters extend 15 kms from the coastline.
•
• Commercial Fisheries- refers to fishing beyond the
municipal waters using fishing vessels more than three
gross tons.
CLASSIFICATION OF
COMMERCIAL FISHERIES
• Small Scale Commercial Fishing
• Fishing with passive or active gear utilizing fishing
vessels of 3.1 GT up to 20 GT.
• Medium Scale Commercial Fishing
• Fishing utilizing active gears and vessel of 20.1 GT up
to 150 GT.
• Large Scale Commercial Fishing
• Fishing utilizing active gears of more than 150 GT.
FISHERY RESOURCES
• archipelagic country with 7,107 islands
• lat 4o 23’ and 20oN and Long 116o and 126o E
• bounded by South China sea, Pacific ocean and
Celebes sea
• Marine resources
• Total territorial water (EEZ) 2,200,000 km2
• Coastal 266,000 km2
• Oceanic 1,934,000 km2
• Shelf Area 184,000 km2
• Coral Reef Area 27,000 km2
FISHERY RESOURCES
• Inland Resources
• Swamplands 246,063 ha
• Freshwater 106,328 ha
• Brackishwater 139,735 ha
• Existing Fishpond 246,063 ha
• Freshwater 14,531 ha
• Brackishwater 239,323 ha
• Other Inland Resources 250,000 ha
• Lakes 200,000 ha
• Rivers 31,000 ha
• Reservoirs 19,000 ha
PHILIPPINE FISHING GROUNDS
PHILIPPINE FISHING GROUNDS
FISHING
GROUNDS AREA (KM2) LOCATION
A. SEAS
West Sulu Sea 29,992.50 Palawan
Zamboanga del Sur/Sulu/Tawi-
South Sulu Sea 112,642.00 Tawi
East Sulu sea 9,288.00 Zamboanga del Norte/Negros
Sibuyan Sea 8,127.00 Aklan/Masbate/Romblon
Bohol Sea 7,946.00 Bohol
Samar Sea 3,870.00 Samar/Masbate/Leyte
Visayan Sea 3,096.00 Panay/Negros/Cebu/Masbate
Camotes Sea 2,476.80 Cebu/Leyte/Bohol
PHILIPPINE FISHING GROUNDS
FISHING GROUNDS AREA (KM2) LOCATION
B. BAYS
Lamon Bay 2,838.00 Quezon/Camarines Norte
Tayabas Bay 2,213.00 Quezon
Illana Bay 2,128.50 Lanao del Sur/Maguindanao
Manila Bay 1,935.00 Manila/Bataan/Cavite
Sibugay Bay 1,935.00 Zamboanga del Sur
Misamis Occidental/Lanao del
Iligan Bay 1,811.16 Norte
Imuruan Bay 1,087.80 Palawan
San Miguel Bay 774 Camarines Sur
Tawi-Tawi Bay 592.4 Tawi-Tawi
Butuan Bay 516 Agusan del Norte
PHILIPPINE FISHING GROUNDS
FISHING GROUNDS AREA (KM2) LOCATION
C. GULFS
Zamboanga del
Moro Gulf 12,900.00 Sur/Maguindanao/Sultan Kudarat
Davao del Sur/Davao del
Davao Gulf 4,024.00 Norte/Davao Oriental
Ragay Gulf 3,225.00 Camarines Sur/Quezon
Leyte Gulf 2,724.00 Leyte Island/Samar Island
Panay Gulf 2,311.00 Iloilo/Negros Occidental
Lingayen Gulf 2,064.00 Pangasinan
Lagonoy Gulf 1,935.00 Albay/Camarines Sur/Catanduanes
Asid Gulf 619 Masbate
Albay Gulf 412.8 Albay
PHILIPPINE FISHING GROUNDS
FISHING GROUNDS AREA (KM2) LOCATION
D. CHANNELS
Babuyan Channel 3,612.00 Cagayan/Babuyan Island
Jintotolo Channel 280 Capiz/Masbate
Maqueda Channel 129 Camarines Sur/Catanduanes
E. STRAITS
Tablas Strait 3,870.00 Tablas Island/Mindoro Oriental
Mindoro Strait 3,426.20 Palawan/Mindoro Occidental
Tañon Strait 2,786.40 Cebu/Negros
Cebu Strait 1,818.90 Cebu/Bohol
Iloilo Strait 1,006.00 Iloilo/Guimaras
F. PASSAGES
Burias Pass 1,393.20 Burias Island/Camarines Sur
Ticao Pass 804.75 Ticao Island/Sorsogon
GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS
• Sea is a smaller part of an ocean and is typically partially
contained by an area of land. All seas are found in areas
where the ocean and land meet.
• Bay- an inlet of the sea or other body of water usually
smaller than a gulf.
• Gulf is a large inlet from the ocean into the landmass,
typically with a narrower opening than a bay.
• Bay is a broad inlet of the sea, the gulf is a deep inlet of the
sea. Bay is semicircular, and so it is enclosed by land from
three sides only. As against this, a gulf is a waterbody,
whose maximum part is enclosed by land, and has a very
small mouth.
GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS
• Channel is a wide strait or waterway between two
landmasses that lie close to each other. A channel can
also be the deepest part of a waterway or a narrow
body of water that connects two larger bodies of
water.
• Strait- is a narrow, typically navigable channel of
water that connects two larger, navigable bodies of
water.
• A channel and strait both connect bodies of water, but
a channel is often wider.
GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS
• Passage- long, narrow waterway that connects bodies
of water between islands.
• A sound is like a strait, but larger.
• Cove is a small bay with (1) a narrow, restricted
entrance, and (2) is often circular or oval in shape.
Module 1

OVERVIEW OF WORLD
AND PHILIPPINE
FISHERIES
AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING

GERONIMO R. ROSARIO, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor IV
PSU BINMALEY CAMPUS
2022 STATE OF WORLD
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
• World Fish production (2020) =178
million tons ($406 B)
• Capture Fisheries
= 90 million tons (51%) ($141 B)
• Aquaculture
• = 88 million tons (49%) ($265 B)
2022 STATE OF WORLD
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
• China has remained a major fish
producer, accounting for 35% of global
fish production in 2020.
• India -8%
• Indonesia – 7%
• Viet Nam -5%
• Peru – 3%
• These 5 countries contributes 58%
2022 STATE OF WORLD
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
• Per capita food fish consumption
• = 20.2 in 2020
• Per capita food fish consumption
grew from 9.0 kg in 1961 to 20.5
kg in 2018, at an average rate of
about 1.5 percent per year.
2022 STATE OF WORLD
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
2022 STATE OF WORLD
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
• In 2018, the Philippines ranked 8th among the top fish
producing countries in the world with its total
production of 4.354 million metric tons

• The production constitutes 2.01% of the total world

production of 211.87 million metric tons (FAO, 2020).

• Philippines is the world’s 4th largest producer of

aquatic plants (including seaweeds) having produced a
total of 1.478 million metric tons or nearly 4.56% of
the total world production of 32.39 million metric tons
in 2018
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
• The fishing industry’s contribution to the
country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is
1.52% at both current and constant 2018 prices.

• This translates to PhP 273.41 billion at current

prices and PhP 266.22 billion at constant prices
of the country’s GDP of PhP 17,939 billion
(current prices).
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
• Contribution to GVA in Agriculture, by Industry
group in 2020
STATE OF PHILIPPINE
FISHERIES
233,725
• Livelihoods

• Number of fisherfolk engaged in fishery 130,027

activities- 2,078,913 (2020)

39,090
1,029,963

247,021
399,087
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
• Contribution of Fishery Sectors
• Total= 4,400,372.00 MT
• Aquaculture remains the top contributor in 2020
= 2,322,905.55 metric tons (53%)
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
• Tuna is the top export
product in 2020
• 134,412 MT
• (P 23,741.34 M)
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
Municipal
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
Commercial
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES

Five year Production Trend

STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
STATE OF PHILIPPINE FISHERIES
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• Overfishing.
• Illegal and destructive fishing.
• Coastal and habitat degradation.
• Siltation and pollution.
• Conflict between Commercial and Municipal Fishermen
• Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) activities
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• Factors
• 1. Increasing number of fishermen/ effort
• 2. Improved and efficient fishing gears
• 3. Open Access
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• Overfishing

• It is the point when fish catch exceeds

the MSY and begins to drop all fishers,
and the number of fish drops to a
level lower than required for
maintaining a viable and productive
fish population.
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• Growth Overfishing
• Fish are caught below the size or age
required for reproduction, resulting in
growth overfishing.
•
• Recruitment Overfishing
• Fish are caught before they can
optimally reproduce, leading to
recruitment overfishing.
• This occurs when the adult population
is caught in very large numbers, such
that reproduction is impaired.
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• Ecosystem Overfishing
• Excessive fishing results in an
ecological imbalance and eventual
changes in the fishery, causing
ecosystem overfishing.
•
• Fish have all been caught or
significantly reduced. Therefore, the
ecosystem is no longer fully functional
and is less productive.
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• Malthusian Overfishing
• Fishers, getting little or no catch and
believing they have little choice left,
use illegal and destructive fishing
gear to improve their catch.
• Malthusian overfishing manifests itself
when the fisheries are in such a poor
state that they cannot provide enough
fish for all the people who depend on
them.
•
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• Economic Overfishing
• Here, the fishery is over invested, has limited
returns, and overall is unprofitable for all concerned.
• A sure sign that economic overfishing is happening
is when the total economic value of all the fishing
paraphernalia and equipment exceeds the
maximum fish catch that the fishery can sustain.
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• Illegal and Destructive fishing Practices
• 1. Dynamite fishing
• 2. Cyanide fishing
• 3. Use of Fine mesh nets
• 4. Muro –ami
• 5. Bottom Trawling
• 6. Danish Seine fishing
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
 Coastal Degradation
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
 Siltation and Pollution
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• IUU- Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported

• Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a

broad term that captures a wide variety of fishing
activity. IUU fishing is found in all types and
dimensions of fisheries; it occurs both on the high
seas and in areas within national jurisdiction. It
concerns all aspects and stages of the capture and
utilisation of fish, and it may sometimes be
associated with organized crime
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• Illegal fishing:
• conducted by national or foreign vessels in waters under
the jurisdiction of a State, without the permission of that
State, or in contravention of its laws and regulations;
• conducted by vessels flying the flag of States that are
parties to a relevant regional fisheries management
organization but operate in contravention of the
conservation and management measures adopted by
that organization and by which the States are bound, or
relevant provisions of the applicable international law; or
• in violation of national laws or international obligations,
including those undertaken by cooperating States to a
relevant regional fisheries management organization.
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• Unreported fishing:

• which have not been reported, or have been

misreported, to the relevant national authority, in
contravention of national laws and regulations; or
• are undertaken in the area of competence of a
relevant regional fisheries management
organization which have not been reported or have
been misreported, in contravention of the reporting
procedures of that organization.
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• Unregulated fishing:
• in the area of application of a relevant regional
fisheries management organization that are conducted
by vessels without nationality, or by those flying the
flag of a State not party to that organization, or by a
fishing entity, in a manner that is not consistent with
or contravenes the conservation and management
measures of that organization; or
• in areas or for fish stocks in relation to which there are
no applicable conservation or management measures
and where such fishing activities are conducted in a
manner inconsistent with State responsibilities for the
conservation of living marine resources under
international law.
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
 Mitigation
ISSUES IN FISHERIES
• The government addresses the issues in Philippine
fisheries through these measures:
• 1. Passage of RA 10654
• 2. Strict implementation and enforcement
• 3. Responsible fishing
• 4. Co-management of resources
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREAS
• Fisheries Administrative Order No. 263, s. 2019
establishing Fisheries Management Areas (FMA) for the
Conservation and Management of Fisheries in
Philippine Waters.

• It established 12 Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs)

covering all Philippine waters based on considerations
of stocks boundary, range, administrative
subdivisions, and distribution of fisheries.
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREAS
• Objectives of FMA
• To provide a science-based, participatory and
transparent governance framework and mechanism to
sustainably manage fisheries in such areas, consistent
with the principles of Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
Management (EAFM) anchored on food security and
supplementary livelihood for poverty alleviation
consistent with the objectives of the amended
fisheries code.
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
AREAS
Fisheries management
• The integrated process of information gathering, analysis,
planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of resources
and formulation and implementation, with enforcement as
necessary, of regulations or rules which govern fisheries
activities in order to ensure the continued productivity of the
resources and the accomplishment of other fisheries objectives.
• Fisheries management and fisheries conservation are two related but distinct approaches to the sustainable use and preservation of
marine and freshwater resources. They both aim to ensure the long-term health and productivity of aquatic ecosystems, but they have
different focuses and strategies. Here's a breakdown of the differences between fisheries management and fisheries conservation:
• Fisheries Management:
1. Focus: Fisheries management primarily centers on the sustainable utilization of fishery resources to meet human needs, including
providing food and livelihoods for communities dependent on fishing.
2. Objectives: The primary objective of fisheries management is to optimize fishing activities, so they remain economically viable while
preventing overfishing and depletion of fish stocks.
3. Regulation: It involves the implementation of regulations, quotas, and other measures to control fishing effort, catch limits, and gear
types to ensure the targeted species are harvested at sustainable levels.
4. Harvest-Oriented: Fisheries management emphasizes the sustainable harvest of fish and other aquatic species, considering factors like
population dynamics, growth rates, and reproductive potential.
5. Utilization: It recognizes that fishery resources can be utilized for economic gain, but the focus is on preventing overexploitation and
avoiding negative impacts on the ecosystem.
• Fisheries Conservation:
1. Focus: Fisheries conservation places a stronger emphasis on preserving the health and integrity of aquatic ecosystems and protecting
biodiversity and natural habitats.
2. Objectives: The primary goal of fisheries conservation is to maintain the overall ecological balance and health of aquatic environments,
which includes safeguarding not only the target species but also non-target species, marine mammals, and other marine life.
3. Protection: Conservation efforts may involve the creation of marine protected areas (MPAs), habitat restoration initiatives, and
measures to mitigate bycatch and other unintended negative consequences of fishing.
4. Ecosystem-Oriented: Fisheries conservation takes a holistic approach, considering the interdependence of species within an ecosystem
and the potential cascading effects of disrupting that balance.
5. Long-Term Sustainability: While fisheries conservation recognizes the need for human use of aquatic resources, its ultimate aim is to
ensure the long-term sustainability of marine and freshwater ecosystems for future generations.
• In summary, fisheries management and fisheries conservation both play critical roles in ensuring the sustainable use of aquatic
resources. Fisheries management focuses on sustainable harvesting for human needs while avoiding overexploitation, whereas
fisheries conservation prioritizes the protection and preservation of aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. A balanced approach that
integrates both management and conservation strategies is often necessary to achieve sustainable fisheries and healthy marine
environments.
• The governance of fisheries management involves the development, implementation, and enforcement of policies, regulations, and institutions that aim to
sustainably manage fishery resources. Effective fisheries governance is essential to ensure the long-term health and productivity of aquatic ecosystems, provide
food security, support livelihoods, and protect biodiversity. Here are key components of fisheries management governance:
1. Government Agencies: Fisheries management is typically overseen by government agencies responsible for marine and freshwater resources. These agencies may
be at the national, regional, or local level, depending on the scope of the fishery and the jurisdiction involved.
2. Legislation and Policy: Governments establish laws, regulations, and policies that guide the management of fisheries. These may include catch limits, fishing
seasons, gear restrictions, size limits, and closed areas to protect sensitive habitats or species.
3. Stakeholder Engagement: An effective fisheries governance system involves collaboration and engagement with various stakeholders, including fishing
communities, fishers, fishing industry representatives, environmental organizations, scientists, and indigenous groups. Engaging stakeholders ensures that multiple
perspectives are considered, and decisions are more likely to be accepted and implemented.
4. Scientific Research and Data Collection: Sound fisheries management relies on accurate and up-to-date scientific data about fish stocks, ecosystem health, and
fishing activities. Government agencies and research institutions conduct surveys, data collection, and stock assessments to inform management decisions.
5. Co-management and Community-Based Approaches: In some cases, fisheries management may adopt co-management or community-based approaches, where
local communities and fishers play a more active role in decision-making and resource management. This can lead to more sustainable and locally adapted
solutions.
6. International Agreements and Cooperation: Many fish stocks are shared across national borders, requiring cooperation among countries to ensure sustainable
management. International agreements and organizations, such as regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs), play a vital role in managing migratory
and highly exploited species.
7. Monitoring, Control, and Surveillance (MCS): MCS measures are essential for enforcing fishing regulations and deterring illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU)
fishing. This involves monitoring fishing activities, controlling fishing effort, and conducting inspections to ensure compliance with rules.
8. Adaptive Management: Effective governance recognizes the complexity of ecosystems and the uncertainty surrounding fishery dynamics. Adaptive management
approaches are employed, which involve learning from previous management actions and adjusting strategies as new information becomes available.
9. Enforcement and Compliance: Strong enforcement mechanisms, penalties for non-compliance, and deterrence against illegal fishing are crucial to ensuring that
regulations are followed and fishery resources are protected.
10. Funding and Resources: Adequate funding and resources are essential to support research, data collection, enforcement, and capacity-building efforts related to
fisheries management.
• Overall, successful fisheries management governance requires a balance between ecological sustainability, social equity, and economic viability. Collaborative,
science-based decision-making processes and the integration of local knowledge are key to achieving this balance and promoting the long-term health of fisheries
and aquatic ecosystems.
The ecosystem approach in fisheries management is a holistic and integrated approach that considers the entire ecosystem in which a fishery operates, rather than
focusing solely on individual species or fishing activities. It recognizes the complex interactions and interdependencies between species, habitats, and human
activities within an ecosystem. The goal of the ecosystem approach is to ensure the sustainable use of fisheries resources while preserving the health and integrity
of the entire marine or freshwater ecosystem. Here are key principles and components of the ecosystem approach in fisheries management:
1.Ecosystem Perspective: Instead of managing individual fish stocks in isolation, the ecosystem approach considers the broader ecosystem context, including the
interactions between species, their habitats, and the environment. It recognizes that changes in one part of the ecosystem can have cascading effects on other
components.
2.Biodiversity Conservation: The ecosystem approach aims to protect and conserve biodiversity by considering the needs of non-target species, marine mammals,
seabirds, and other organisms that may be impacted by fishing activities or habitat alterations.
3.Habitat Protection: Recognizing the importance of habitats for the health of fish populations, the ecosystem approach emphasizes the protection and restoration of
critical habitats such as coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangroves, and spawning grounds.
4.Precautionary Approach: The ecosystem approach adopts a precautionary approach to management, taking into account uncertainties and potential risks
associated with fishing activities and ecosystem changes. It seeks to prevent irreversible damage and prioritize conservation when there is uncertainty about the
status of fish stocks or ecosystem health.
5.Stakeholder Participation: Involving stakeholders, including fishing communities, fishers, environmental organizations, scientists, and indigenous groups, is
fundamental to the ecosystem approach. Their knowledge and perspectives contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem and lead to better-
informed decisions.
6.Adaptive Management: The ecosystem approach recognizes that ecosystems are dynamic and subject to change over time. Adaptive management is employed,
allowing for adjustments in management measures as new information becomes available or as the ecosystem responds to management actions.
7.Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM): Ecosystem-based fisheries management integrates the ecosystem approach with traditional fisheries
management strategies. It considers the ecosystem's structure and function when setting fishing limits, gear regulations, and closed areas.
8.Interdisciplinary Science: The ecosystem approach relies on interdisciplinary science, combining ecological, social, and economic knowledge to develop a
comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem and the interactions between human activities and the environment.
9.Minimizing Bycatch: Reducing bycatch, which refers to the unintentional capture of non-target species, is a critical aspect of the ecosystem approach. Bycatch can
have significant ecological consequences and threatens the health of non-target species.
10.Integrated Management Plans: Developing integrated management plans that address the various components of the ecosystem and incorporate multiple
objectives, such as conservation, sustainable fisheries, and ecosystem health, is a key outcome of the ecosystem approach.
By adopting the ecosystem approach in fisheries management, decision-makers can move beyond single-species management and take a more comprehensive and
sustainable approach that considers the well-being of the entire ecosystem and the communities that depend on it.
• Community-based fisheries management (CBFM) is an approach to fisheries management that involves local communities and stakeholders in decision-making
processes and resource management. Instead of relying solely on top-down government regulations, CBFM empowers fishing communities to play a more active role
in managing their own fisheries and marine resources. This approach recognizes the importance of local knowledge, social dynamics, and cultural values in
achieving sustainable fishing practices and the conservation of aquatic ecosystems. Here are key principles and characteristics of community-based fisheries
management:
1. Local Participation: CBFM encourages active participation and involvement of local communities, fishers, and other stakeholders who depend on the fisheries for
their livelihoods and well-being. Their traditional knowledge and experience are valued and integrated into management decisions.
2. Co-management: CBFM often involves collaboration and partnership between local communities and government agencies or other external organizations
responsible for fisheries management. This co-management approach combines traditional knowledge with scientific data and expertise, fostering a shared
responsibility for sustainable resource use.
3. Resource Ownership and Rights: In many community-based fisheries management systems, local communities are recognized as the primary stakeholders and have
a sense of ownership and stewardship over the resources within their traditional fishing grounds.
4. Tailored Solutions: CBFM recognizes that different communities have unique social, economic, and ecological contexts. Management strategies are adapted and
tailored to suit the specific needs and circumstances of each community.
5. Sustainable Fishing Practices: Community-based management typically promotes sustainable fishing practices, including gear restrictions, closed seasons, and size
limits, to ensure the long-term health of fish stocks and marine ecosystems.
6. Enforcement and Compliance: CBFM relies on community enforcement mechanisms, social norms, and shared values to ensure that fishing regulations are followed.
Local communities often have a stronger interest in compliance, as they directly bear the consequences of unsustainable practices.
7. Data Collection and Monitoring: While local knowledge is essential, CBFM may also integrate scientific data collection and monitoring to complement community
observations and improve the understanding of fish stocks and ecosystem dynamics.
8. Adaptive Management: CBFM embraces adaptive management principles, allowing for flexible and responsive decision-making based on changing conditions, new
information, and learning from previous experiences.
9. Socioeconomic Benefits: Besides ecological sustainability, community-based fisheries management aims to support the social and economic well-being of fishing
communities. Sustainable fisheries contribute to food security, income generation, and the preservation of cultural heritage.
10. Empowerment and Capacity Building: CBFM seeks to empower local communities by enhancing their capacity to participate effectively in decision-making, resource
management, and sustainable practices.
• Community-based fisheries management has been successful in many regions around the world, as it fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility among fishing
communities, encourages conservation-oriented behavior, and leads to more resilient and sustainable fisheries. However, successful implementation often requires
supportive government policies, access to resources, and collaboration with external stakeholders to address broader management challenges.
Capture fisheries research methodologies and designs are crucial for studying and understanding various aspects of fisheries, including fish populations, fishing practices,
ecosystem dynamics, and the impact of fishing on aquatic ecosystems. Proper research methodologies and designs help ensure that data collected is reliable, accurate, and
relevant for fisheries management and conservation efforts. Here are some commonly used capture fisheries research methodologies and designs:
1.Stock Assessment Surveys: These surveys are designed to estimate the abundance, distribution, and size composition of fish populations in a given area. Common methods
include trawl surveys, acoustic surveys using fish finders, and visual surveys using underwater cameras or divers.
2.Catch and Effort Data: Collecting data on fishing effort (e.g., fishing hours, number of trips) and catch (e.g., species, size, weight) from fishers is a fundamental method for
monitoring fishing activities and assessing changes in fish populations over time.
3.Tagging Studies: Tagging fish with individual markers (e.g., tags, microchips, or external marks) and subsequent recapture can provide valuable information about fish
movement, growth rates, and mortality, helping estimate population parameters.
4.Length-Frequency Analysis: Length-frequency data is collected by measuring the lengths of captured fish. Analyzing the size distribution of fish helps estimate the age
structure, growth rates, and recruitment patterns of fish populations.
5.Bioeconomic Analysis: Bioeconomic models integrate biological and economic data to evaluate the impact of different fishing strategies on fish populations and fishers'
livelihoods.
6.Bycatch Monitoring: Bycatch refers to non-target species caught unintentionally during fishing operations. Monitoring and studying bycatch helps identify potential
conservation issues and improve fishing practices.
7.Remote Sensing and GIS: Remote sensing technologies, such as satellite imagery and GIS (Geographic Information Systems), can assist in studying changes in marine
habitats, identifying potential fishing grounds, and monitoring fishing activities.
8.DNA Barcoding: DNA barcoding is a technique used to identify fish species based on their DNA sequences. This method is particularly useful for identifying species that are
difficult to distinguish visually.
9.Ecosystem Surveys: Comprehensive ecosystem surveys assess the health and dynamics of entire aquatic ecosystems, taking into account various species, habitats, and
environmental factors.
10.Participatory Research: Involving fishers and local communities in the research process through participatory research approaches can enhance data collection and improve
the relevance and acceptance of research outcomes.
11.Long-Term Monitoring: Long-term monitoring programs help track changes in fish populations and ecosystems over extended periods, providing valuable data for
understanding trends and making informed management decisions.
When designing fisheries research studies, it's essential to consider the research objectives, the available resources, the specific fishery context, and ethical considerations
related to the treatment of living organisms and the involvement of local communities. A combination of different methodologies and designs is often used to obtain a
comprehensive understanding of capture fisheries and support evidence-based management and conservation strategies.
• Fish quality refers to the attributes that determine the freshness, edibility, nutritional value, taste, and overall acceptability of fish as a food product.
Maintaining high fish quality is essential for ensuring consumer satisfaction, food safety, and the economic viability of the fishing industry. Several factors
influence fish quality, including:
1. Freshness: The freshness of fish is crucial for its quality. Fresh fish should have clear, bright eyes, a firm and elastic flesh, and a mild, ocean-like smell. As
fish deteriorates, the eyes may become cloudy, the flesh softens and loses elasticity, and an off-putting fishy odor develops.
2. Handling and Storage: Proper handling and storage practices are critical to preserving fish quality. Rapid chilling, appropriate temperature control, and
hygienic processing help minimize bacterial growth and prevent spoilage.
3. Time since Catch: Fish quality declines over time after capture. The "catch-to-consumer" time should be minimized to maintain freshness. Fish caught and
consumed locally generally have better quality compared to those subjected to longer transportation and storage.
4. Fish Species: Different fish species have varying characteristics that influence their quality, such as fat content, texture, and flavor. Some species are more
perishable than others, requiring specific handling and processing methods.
5. Fish Processing: Various processing techniques, such as filleting, freezing, smoking, and canning, can influence fish quality. Proper processing methods help
retain the fish's natural attributes and prevent deterioration.
6. Fish Preservation: Techniques like freezing, salting, drying, and smoking are used to preserve fish for longer periods. These methods can impact the taste,
texture, and nutritional value of the fish.
7. Nutritional Value: Fish is an excellent source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. The nutritional quality of fish depends on factors like
species, size, and the fish's diet and habitat.
8. Microbial and Chemical Safety: Fish quality also relates to food safety, including the absence of harmful pathogens and chemical contaminants that could
pose health risks to consumers.
9. Sensory Attributes: Sensory attributes, such as taste, odor, appearance, and texture, are crucial determinants of fish quality. Consumers expect fish to be
visually appealing, flavorful, and have a pleasant texture.
10. Packaging: Proper packaging helps protect fish from physical damage, contamination, and moisture loss, preserving its quality during storage and
transportation.
11. Sustainability: Consumers increasingly value sustainably sourced fish, which takes into account the environmental impact of fishing practices and the health
of fish populations and ecosystems.
• Fish quality assessments involve a combination of sensory evaluations, microbiological testing, chemical analyses, and other quality control measures.
Proper handling, processing, and storage practices throughout the fish supply chain are essential to maintain fish quality and ensure that consumers receive
safe, nutritious, and enjoyable fish products.
• Pollution can have various negative effects on fish quality, impacting their edibility, health, and overall viability as a food source. Pollution in aquatic
environments can result from human activities such as industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, sewage, oil spills, and improper waste disposal. Here are
some ways pollution affects fish quality:
1. Contaminant Accumulation: Pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides, industrial chemicals, and microplastics, can accumulate in fish tissues through
the food chain. This bioaccumulation can lead to elevated levels of harmful substances in fish, making them unsafe for human consumption and reducing
their quality.
2. Altered Taste and Smell: Fish living in polluted waters may absorb and retain substances that affect their taste and odor. This can result in fish having an
unpleasant or off-flavor, making them unpalatable to consumers.
3. Nutritional Deficiencies: Pollution can lead to altered nutrient availability in aquatic environments, affecting the health and nutritional quality of fish.
Reduced nutrient uptake can result in fish with lower nutritional value for human consumption.
4. Impaired Growth and Development: Exposure to pollutants can negatively impact fish growth and development. Pollutants can interfere with hormonal
systems, causing developmental abnormalities and reduced growth rates.
5. Reduced Reproductive Success: Pollution can disrupt fish reproduction by affecting reproductive hormones and processes. This can lead to decreased
reproductive success and population declines.
6. Increased Stress and Susceptibility to Disease: Pollutants can weaken fish immune systems, making them more susceptible to diseases and reducing their
ability to cope with environmental stressors.
7. Loss of Habitat and Food Resources: Pollution can degrade aquatic habitats, leading to a reduction in the availability of suitable breeding and feeding
grounds for fish. This can impact fish populations and overall ecosystem health.
8. Negative Impact on Fish Behavior: Some pollutants, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, can alter fish behavior and impair their ability to
evade predators or find food, affecting their survival and reproductive success.
9. Genotoxic Effects: Some pollutants can cause genetic damage in fish, leading to mutations and potentially affecting the long-term genetic viability of fish
populations.
10.Risk to Human Health: Consuming fish contaminated with pollutants can pose health risks to humans. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy
metals can accumulate in human tissues and cause various health issues, including neurological disorders and cancer.
• To mitigate the effects of pollution on fish quality, it is crucial to implement strict environmental regulations, promote sustainable waste management
practices, and adopt pollution control measures. Monitoring and testing fish for contaminants is essential to ensure that fish products meet safety
standards for human consumption. Additionally, promoting sustainable fishing practices and protecting aquatic habitats can help maintain fish quality and
support the long-term health of fish populations.
• Illegal fishing, also known as illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, has significant negative effects on the environment and marine
ecosystems. IUU fishing involves fishing activities that violate national or international laws and regulations, evade management measures, or target
protected species or prohibited areas. Here are some of the key environmental impacts of illegal fishing:
1. Overfishing: IUU fishing often involves excessive and uncontrolled fishing efforts, leading to overexploitation of fish stocks. Overfishing can deplete fish
populations, disrupt the natural balance of marine ecosystems, and lead to the collapse of fisheries.
2. Bycatch and Endangered Species: Illegal fishing practices may involve the use of destructive gear or methods that result in high levels of bycatch,
catching non-target species and endangered marine species. This contributes to biodiversity loss and threatens the survival of vulnerable marine
animals.
3. Habitat Destruction: Some illegal fishing practices, such as bottom trawling and dynamite fishing, can cause severe damage to marine habitats,
including coral reefs, seagrass beds, and other sensitive ecosystems. This destruction leads to the loss of critical habitats for marine species and
compromises the overall health of the marine environment.
4. Ecosystem Disruption: Overfishing and destructive fishing practices can disrupt the intricate balance of marine food webs and ecological relationships.
This disruption can have cascading effects on other species, leading to unpredictable and adverse changes in the marine ecosystem.
5. Altered Trophic Dynamics: Removing key predators or prey through illegal fishing can alter trophic dynamics, affecting the distribution and abundance
of other species in the food chain and potentially leading to ecological imbalances.
6. Damage to Coral Reefs: Coral reefs, one of the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth, are particularly vulnerable to illegal fishing practices. Destructive
fishing methods can cause physical damage to coral reefs and reduce their ability to recover from natural disturbances, such as coral bleaching events.
7. Marine Pollution: Some IUU fishing operations may involve the use of illegal fishing gear or substances that result in pollution, such as discarded fishing
nets (ghost nets) or chemicals used for fish poisoning. These pollutants can harm marine life and contribute to marine debris.
8. Threats to Fisheries Management: Illegal fishing undermines fisheries management efforts by evading catch limits, closed areas, and gear restrictions.
This hampers sustainable fishing practices and jeopardizes the long-term health of fish populations and fishing communities.
9. Loss of Income and Livelihoods: Illegal fishing can negatively impact legal fishing operations, leading to reduced income and livelihood opportunities for
legitimate fishers who comply with regulations.
• Addressing illegal fishing requires strong law enforcement, international cooperation, and the implementation of effective monitoring and surveillance
measures. Combating IUU fishing is essential for the conservation of marine biodiversity, the protection of marine ecosystems, and the sustainable use
of fisheries resources. It also supports the livelihoods of legal fishers and contributes to food security for communities that rely on marine resources for
sustenance.
• Fish taxonomy refers to the classification of fish into different hierarchical groups based on their evolutionary relationships and characteristics. Fishes
are members of the animal kingdom and are classified under the phylum Chordata and the subphylum Vertebrata. They belong to the superclass
Agnatha (jawless fish) or the superclass Gnathostomata (jawed fish), which includes the majority of fish species.
• The taxonomy of fish can be summarized as follows:
• Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: Agnatha (jawless fish) - e.g., lampreys, hagfishes Gnathostomata (jawed fish) - includes the vast
majority of fish species Class: Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) - e.g., sharks, rays, chimaeras Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) - most common group of
fish, includes bony fish Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) - e.g., coelacanths, lungfishes Myxini (hagfishes) - a class of jawless fish, distinct from superclass
Agnatha Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) - a class of jawless fish, distinct from superclass Agnatha Order: Within each class, there are numerous orders
that further categorize the fish based on specific characteristics. Family: Orders are divided into families, which group together species that share more
closely related characteristics. Genus: Families are broken down into genera, which consist of species with even more closely related features. Species:
The most specific level of taxonomy, each species represents a unique and distinct organism.
• As for fish anatomy, here are some key anatomical features commonly found in most fish:
1. Scales: Fish typically have scales covering their body, which can vary in size, shape, and composition depending on the species.
2. Fins: Fish have various types of fins, including dorsal fins (on the back), caudal fin (tail fin), anal fin (on the underside), and paired pectoral and pelvic
fins.
3. Gills: Fish breathe through gills, specialized respiratory organs that extract oxygen from the water.
4. Mouth and Jaws: The mouth of a fish is equipped with jaws used for capturing and processing food.
5. Eyes: Fish have eyes adapted to see underwater, although the visual acuity varies between species.
6. Swim Bladder: Some fish have a swim bladder, an internal gas-filled organ that helps control buoyancy and maintain their position in the water column.
7. Internal Organs: Like other vertebrates, fish have a variety of internal organs, including the heart, liver, stomach, intestines, and reproductive organs.
8. Skeleton: Fish can have either a cartilaginous skeleton (e.g., sharks and rays) or a bony skeleton (e.g., most common fish).
9. Lateral Line: A sensory organ running along the sides of the fish, the lateral line detects changes in water pressure and helps with navigation and
detecting prey.
10. Fins Rays and Spines: The fins are supported by fin rays, which can be flexible or spiny, depending on the type of fin.
• Fish anatomy can vary significantly among different fish species, especially when considering adaptations to their specific habitats and lifestyles. The
diversity of fish species is vast, ranging from tiny minnows to large sharks, and each has unique anatomical features suited to their ecological niche.
• Fish biology and ecology are broad fields of study that encompass the study of fish species, their anatomy, physiology, behavior, interactions with the
environment, and their roles within ecosystems. Here's an overview of fish biology and ecology:
• Fish Biology:
1. Anatomy and Physiology: Fish exhibit a wide variety of anatomical structures, depending on the species and their habitat. They have gills for extracting oxygen
from water, fins for locomotion and stability, scales for protection, and swim bladders for buoyancy control. Fish also possess specialized sensory organs, such as
lateral lines for detecting vibrations and changes in water pressure, and some have electroreceptors for detecting electric fields.
2. Reproduction: Fish use various reproductive strategies, including external fertilization, where eggs and sperm are released into the water, and internal
fertilization, where sperm is directly transferred to the female's eggs. Some fish are oviparous (lay eggs), while others are viviparous (give birth to live young) or
ovoviviparous (retain fertilized eggs inside the body until they hatch).
3. Feeding Habits: Fish are diverse in their feeding habits. Some are herbivores, feeding on plants and algae, while others are carnivores, preying on smaller fish or
invertebrates. There are also omnivorous species that consume both plant and animal matter.
• Fish Ecology:
1. Habitats and Distribution: Fish can be found in various aquatic environments, including oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, estuaries, and coral reefs. Different fish
species have adapted to thrive in specific habitats with distinct temperature ranges, salinity levels, and other environmental factors.
2. Trophic Levels: Fish play essential roles in food webs and ecosystems as they occupy different trophic levels. They can be primary consumers (herbivores),
secondary consumers (carnivores), or tertiary consumers (top predators).
3. Migration: Many fish species undertake regular migrations to breed, find food, or avoid adverse environmental conditions. These migrations can be short-distance
or long-distance, involving movements between different habitats.
4. Predator-Prey Relationships: Fish have complex interactions with other organisms within their ecosystems. They may serve as predators, prey, or both, depending
on their position in the food chain.
5. Conservation and Management: Understanding fish ecology is crucial for conservation efforts. Overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change
pose significant threats to fish populations and aquatic ecosystems. Effective fisheries management is necessary to ensure sustainable fishing practices and the
conservation of fish species.
6. Ecological Roles: Fish contribute to ecosystem functioning by regulating prey populations, influencing nutrient cycling, and supporting the diversity of other
organisms in their habitat.
• The study of fish biology and ecology is not only vital for the conservation of aquatic ecosystems but also plays a significant role in supporting fisheries
management, aquaculture practices, and understanding the broader impacts of human activities on the environment. Fisheries biologists and ecologists work to
gain insights into the lives of fish and the ecosystems they inhabit, with the ultimate goal of preserving biodiversity and promoting sustainable interactions
between humans and fish populations.
• Fish biology is a branch of biology that focuses on the scientific study of fish, encompassing various aspects of their anatomy, physiology, behavior,
genetics, evolution, ecology, and conservation. Fish are aquatic vertebrates that belong to different taxonomic classes, including Agnatha (jawless
fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays), and Osteichthyes (bony fish, which constitute the majority of fish species).
• Here are some key areas of study within fish biology:
1. Anatomy and Morphology: Fish exhibit a wide range of body forms and adaptations based on their habitats and lifestyles. Fish biologists study their
external and internal anatomy, including their skeletal structure, fins, scales, and sensory organs.
2. Physiology: Fish have unique physiological adaptations to life in water. Fish biologists investigate their respiratory systems, osmoregulation
(maintaining proper salt and water balance), digestion, circulation, and sensory physiology.
3. Behavior: The behavior of fish, such as feeding, mating, communication, and social interactions, is a crucial aspect of fish biology. Researchers study
various aspects of fish behavior in both natural environments and controlled laboratory settings.
4. Reproduction and Development: Fish exhibit diverse reproductive strategies, from external fertilization, where eggs and sperm are released into the
water, to internal fertilization. The study of fish reproduction covers courtship rituals, parental care, and embryonic and larval development.
5. Genetics and Evolution: Fish biologists investigate the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among fish species. Molecular techniques are
used to understand their genetic makeup and how they have evolved over time.
6. Ecology and Habitat: Fish are integral components of aquatic ecosystems, and their ecology is studied to understand their roles in food webs,
nutrient cycling, and ecosystem dynamics. Researchers examine the interactions between fish and their environment, including habitat preferences
and migration patterns.
7. Conservation and Management: Fish biology plays a critical role in fisheries management and conservation efforts. Fish populations are monitored to
ensure sustainable fishing practices, prevent overfishing, and protect endangered species.
8. Aquaculture: Fish biology is applied in aquaculture, the farming of fish for food production. Researchers study fish nutrition, disease management,
and breeding to optimize aquaculture practices and minimize environmental impacts.
9. Taxonomy and Identification: Fish biologists identify and classify fish species based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships. Accurate
taxonomy is essential for understanding biodiversity and conserving different fish species.
• Fish biology is an interdisciplinary field that draws upon principles from genetics, ecology, physiology, and environmental science. The study of fish is
essential not only for understanding their fascinating diversity but also for maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems and sustaining fisheries resources
for future generations.
• Fish ecology is the study of the interactions between fish species and their environment, including other organisms, abiotic factors, and the ecosystem
as a whole. It focuses on understanding how fish adapt to and influence their surroundings, as well as how they function within aquatic ecosystems. Fish
ecology encompasses various aspects, including behavior, distribution, feeding habits, reproduction, migration, and the roles fish play in food webs and
nutrient cycles.
• Key aspects of fish ecology include:
1. Habitat and Niche: Fish occupy specific habitats within aquatic environments, such as oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, estuaries, and coral reefs. Different
fish species have evolved to thrive in specific ecological niches, based on their physiological adaptations and behavioral traits.
2. Trophic Interactions: Fish are an essential component of aquatic food webs. They can be primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers
(carnivores that feed on herbivores), or tertiary consumers (top predators that feed on other carnivores). Understanding these trophic interactions is
crucial for assessing ecosystem dynamics and energy flow.
3. Feeding Strategies: Fish exhibit diverse feeding habits, depending on their species and ecological roles. Some are herbivores, feeding on algae and
plants, while others are carnivores, preying on smaller fish, invertebrates, or even other fish predators.
4. Reproduction and Life History: Fish species use a wide range of reproductive strategies to ensure the survival of their offspring. The timing and location
of spawning, parental care, and the development of larvae and juveniles are crucial aspects of fish ecology.
5. Migration and Movement: Many fish species undertake regular migrations to find food, reproduce, or escape unfavorable environmental conditions.
These movements can be short-distance or long-distance and may span across different habitats.
6. Community Structure: Fish play a key role in shaping the structure of aquatic communities. Changes in fish populations can lead to cascading effects on
other species and ecosystem processes.
7. Ecological Interactions: Fish interact with other organisms, both directly and indirectly. Predation, competition for resources, and mutualistic
relationships are examples of ecological interactions involving fish.
8. Environmental Factors: Fish ecology considers the impact of abiotic factors, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, water currents, and substrate
type, on fish distribution, behavior, and population dynamics.
9. Conservation and Management: Understanding fish ecology is essential for effective fisheries management and conservation efforts. By assessing fish
populations and their habitats, scientists can implement measures to ensure sustainable fishing practices and protect endangered species.
• Fish ecology research is conducted through various methods, including field observations, laboratory experiments, and mathematical modeling. The
findings from fish ecology studies are vital for maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems, managing fisheries sustainably, and developing strategies to
mitigate the impacts of human activities on fish populations and their habitats.