Introduction

to
Information
Technology:
The Future
Now
Chapter 1
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Chapter 1 Topics

UNIT 1A: The Mobile World, Information Technology, &

Your Life
Using Information Technology, 11e

1.1 Information Technology & Your Life: The Future Now

1.2 Information Technology Is Pervasive: Cellphones, Email, the Internet, & the E-
World

UNIT 1B: The Basics of Information Technology

1.3 The Practical User: How Becoming tech Smart Benefits You

1.4 The “All-Purpose Machine”: The Varieties of Computers

1.5 Understanding Your Computer

2
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 UNIT 1A: The Mobile World, Information, & Your Life
Using Information Technology, 11e

• As the result of developments in information

technology,
smartphones and tablet computers are
changing
nearly everything we do.
• Information technology refers to any technology
that helps produce, manipulate, store,
communicate, and/or disseminate information.

3
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 1.1 Information
Using Information Technology, 11e

Technology & Your

Life
The Future Now

4
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 Two Parts of IT: Computers &
Communications
Information technology affects almost all aspects of our
lives,
including education, health, finance, recreation and
Using Information Technology, 11e

entertainment,
government, jobs and careers, and your personal life.

• Part 1: Computer Technology

A computer is a programmable, multiuse machine that accepts data

—raw facts
and figures—and processes, or manipulates, it into information we
can use.

• Part 2: Communications Technology

5
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 Education: The Promise of More
Interactive & Individualized Learning
Education has become heavily involved in information
technology.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Information technology can be used for:

• Personalizing students’ education
• Automating tedious and rote tasks and managing classes
• Reducing instructors’ workload (course-management software)
• Graphical presentations (e.g., PowerPoint)
• What is misuse?
• Text messaging or emailing friends during class
• Surfing the Internet for entertainment
• Doing assignments for other classes
• Sharing answers
6
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 Education: The Promise of More Interactive
& Individualized Learning

• Online Learning, or distance learning, is

Using Information Technology, 11e

becoming common.
• Not all online schools/courses are accredited; students
should check.
• Online courses are less expensive than traditional courses.
• Distance learning is available to students in rural areas.
• Tutoring, simulation, and avatars are also aspects
of IT in education:

7
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 Health: High-Tech for Wellness

Computers are playing important roles in our

personal lives.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Telemedicine: Medical care via

telecommunications lets doctors treat patients
from far away.
• 3D Computer models allow accurate tumor location inside a skull;
X rays, MRIs, CT scans can be done remotely.
• Robots—automatic devices that perform functions
• ordinarily performed by human beings—permit precise
microsurgery.
• Health websites provide medical information.
• Many health records are stored electronically. 8
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 Money & Business: Toward the
Cashless Society?
Information technology is reducing the use of traditional
money.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Virtual means something that is created, simulated, or

carried on by means of a computer or a computer
network.
• Virtual money includes cash-value cards, automatic
transfers, and digital money
• “Electronic wallets” (e.g., PayPal)
• Electronic payroll deposit
• Online bill paying via debit and credit cards
• Micropayments for online products and
to help charities
9
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 Money & Business: Toward the
Cashless Society?

• Smartphones are used for “showrooming” and

shopping.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Technology can also be used to telecommute and to

start businesses and earn money.

10
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Government & Electronic Democracy:
Participating in the Civic Realm
Information technology is helping governments to deliver
services and is affecting political activism.
• IT can help governments to improve services, including police services,
Using Information Technology, 11e

which use databases, computer systems with a collection of

interrelated files.
• Online voting is becoming common.
• Information is easier to disseminate.
• Watchdog websites are growing.
• Easier fund raising from small donors.
BUT:
• Gerrymandering is becoming easier—redrawing voting districts for
partisan advantage.
• Voting machine problems can occur.
• Invasion of privacy is becoming an important issue. 11
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 Jobs & Careers

People now use computers to post résumés and find jobs.

• IT is used in starting new business ventures.

Using Information Technology, 11e

• IT is used to prepare résumés and find jobs on many

websites.
• To help find jobs, participate in social media and write
comments on blogs (weblogs), frequently updated
sites on the web intended for public consumption
that contain a writer’s observations, opinions,
images, and links to other websites. (But be
aware of privacy issues and DON’T POST inappropriate
pictures or text!) (Internet postings live forever!)
12
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 Jobs & Careers
• Basic computer skills are needed for most jobs:
• Know how to use a keyboard.
• Use email.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Be able to use a word processor (usually Microsoft

Word).
• Know basic spreadsheet and database software skills.
• Understand the basics of file sizes, computer memory
limitations, and network arrangements.
• Know what the basic computer system components
are.
Discussion Question: Can anyone think of a career that does not
require computer skills at all?
13
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 Your Personal Life
Computers are playing important roles in our personal
lives.
• Online relationship sites, or online dating sites,
Using Information Technology, 11e

provide electronic forums that people may join

in the hope of meeting compatible companions
or mates.
• “Digital is embedded into the fiber of every aspect of
our culture and our personal lives”– public safety and
security; in the home; entertainment; finance;
communications; traveling; shopping; medical care;
and so on.
Discussion Question: Can anyone think of an area of life NOT affected
by IT?
14
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 1.2 Information
Using Information Technology, 11e

Technology Is
Pervasive
Cellphones, Email, the Internet, & the E-World

15
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 The Phone Grows Up

The telephone is not what it used to be.

• 1973: First cellphone call
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Mobile phone use estimated to rise to 7 billion users in 2014

• Today’s smartphones can:
• Make voice calls
• Connect to Internet and web for all sorts of activities
• Send and receive text messages
• Take and send pictures and download music and video
• Obtain news and TV programs
• Scan special barcodes that take users to a website
• Provide maps
• Do research
• Pay for products and services 16
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Email’s Mass Impact

Email revolutionized communication, and has many benefits,

but in many areas it is being supplanted by texting.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Introduced in 1981
• Reached 10 million users in about one year
• 1998 surpassed hand-delivered mail
• In 2013 about 144 billion messages per day
• In business, at least, email requires writing skills
• For personal activities, texting is replacing email
• Texting, or text messaging, is sending and receiving
short written messages between mobile phones or other
portable or fixed devices
17
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 The Internet, the World Wide Web, &
the “Plumbing” of Cyberspace

The net, the web, and cyberspace are not the

same things.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Cyberspace
• Term coined by William Gibson in Neuromancer
(1984) to describe a futuristic computer network
people “plugged” into directly with their brains
• Now the term cyberspace encompasses not only
the online world and the Internet in particular
but also the whole wired and wireless world of
communications in general.
18
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 The Net & Web Defined
• The Internet (the “Net” or “net”) is a worldwide
computer network that connects hundreds of
Using Information Technology, 11e

thousands of smaller networks. These networks

link educational, commercial, nonprofit, and military
entities, as well as individuals.
• The World Wide Web (the “Web” or the “web” is
an interconnected system of Internet computers
(called
servers ) that support specially formatted
documents
in multimedia form. (The word multimedia, from 19
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 UNIT 1B: The Basics of Information Technology
Using Information Technology, 11e

• As the result of developments in information

technology,
smartphones and tablet computers are changing
nearly everything we do.
• Information technology refers to any technology
that
helps produce, manipulate, store, communicate,
and/or disseminate information.

20
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
Using Information Technology, 11e

1.3 The Practical

User
How Becoming tech Smart Benefits You

21
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Being informed about information technology has
practical payoffs.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Know how to make better buying decisions

• Know how to fix ordinary computer problems
• Know how to upgrade equipment and integrate it
with new products
• Know how to use the Internet effectively
• Know how to guard against online dangers
• Know how computer knowledge can advance your
career
22
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
Using Information Technology, 11e

1.4 The “All-Purpose

Machine”
The Varieties of Computers

23
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 All Computers, Great & Small: The
Categories of Machines

Computers come in different sizes; they also function

as clients and/or servers.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• There are five basic computer sizes.

1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframes
3. Workstations
4. Microcomputers
5. Microcontrollers

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 1. Supercomputers

Supercomputers are used in very special situations.

• Priced from $1 million to over $350 million.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• High-capacity machines with thousands

of processors that can perform more than several
quadrillion calculations per second.
• Faster and largest computer available.
• Used for government census, weather forecasting,
designing aircraft, scientific projects, etc.
• The Titan (U.S.A.) computer is currently the largest
supercomputer.
• The next supercomputer generation may use
nanotechnology. 25
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 2. Mainframes

Mainframe computers are used in many large businesses.

•
Using Information Technology, 11e

Priced from $5,000 to $5 million

• Process billions of instructions per second
• Size is dependent on the use
• Water-cooled or air-cooled
• Used to be called midsize computers
• Used by banks, airlines, colleges, and the like for
millions of transactions

26
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 3. Workstations

Workstations are used for graphics, special effects, and

Using Information Technology, 11e

certain professional applications.

• Expensive, powerful personal computers
• Used for scientific, mathematical, engineering,
computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) applications
• Used for designing cars, drugs, movie special
effects
• Are usually connected to a network
27
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 4. Microcomputers

Microcomputers are used by individuals as well as

businesses, and
Using Information Technology, 11e

they can be connected to networks of larger computers.

There are
many types of microcomputers.
• Personal computers that cost $500 to over $5,000
• Used either stand-alone or in a network
• Types include: desktop, tower, notebooks (laptops),
netbooks, tablets, mobile devices, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), and e-readers
28
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Types of Microcomputers (1)

• Desktop and tower PCs Desktop Tower

Using Information Technology, 11e

PC PC

• Notebooks & netbooks

• Tablets

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Types of Microcomputers (2)

• Mobile devices & PDAs

Using Information Technology, 11e

• E-readers

• Also called embedded computers, microcontrollers

are tiny, specialized microprocessors inside appliances
and automobiles They are in microwaves,
programmable ovens, blood-pressure monitors, air
bag sensors, vibration sensors, MP3 players, digital
cameras, keyboards, car systems, etc.
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Servers

• The word server describes the way a computer—

Using Information Technology, 11e

whether mainframe, workstation, or PC—is used.

• A server, or network server , is a central computer
that holds collections of data (databases) and
programs for connecting or supplying services to PCs,
workstations, and other devices, which are called
clients. These clients are linked by a wired or wireless
network. The entire network is called a client-server
network.
• Purpose: Hold data and programs for clients to access and to
supply services for clients. 31
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
Using Information Technology, 11e

1.5 Understanding
Your Computer

32
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 How Computers Work: Three Key
Concepts
All computer users must understand three basic principles: (1)
Data is turned into information; (2) hardware and software
Using Information Technology, 11e

have their own specific functions; and (3) all computers

involve input, processing, storage, and output, plus
communications.
1. Purpose of a computer: Turning data into information
• Data: the raw facts and figures
• Information: data that has been summarized or otherwise
transformed for use in decision making
2. Hardware vs. software
• Hardware = the machinery and equipment in a computer
system
(continued)
• Software (programs) = the electronic instructions that tell 33
the computer how to perform a task
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 3. The basic operations of a computer: All computers use
4 basic operations + communications:
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Input: What goes into the computer system

• Processing: The manipulation a computer does to transform data
into information
• Storage:
• Primary storage, or memory, is temporary storage for data
waiting to be processed (RAM)
• Secondary storage is permanent storage: media such as hard
disk, DVDs, and CDs
• Output: What comes out—the results of processing, such as on the
screen, printouts, sound
• Communications: Sending and receiving data
34
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
Using Information Technology, 11e

Panel 1.7
Page 29
35
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Customizing a Desktop Computer

• What would you need?

• Keyboard & mouse (input hardware)
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Inside the system cabinet (processing & memory

hardware)

• Case and power supply

• Processor chip – the central processing unit (CPU)
• Memory chips – random access memory (RAM) or primary
storage
• Motherboard – the system board, the main circuit board, with
expansion slots to plug in components 36
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
Using Information Technology, 11e

Putting the
component
s together
Panel 1.8
Page 31
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Storage Hardware: Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Storage capacity is represented in bytes

• 1 byte = 1 character of data
• 1 kilobyte = 1,024 characters
• 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 characters
• 1 gigabyte = over 1 billion characters
• 1 terabyte = over 1 trillion characters
• 1 petabyte = about 1 quadrillion characters
• Exabyte (EB):
• Zettabyte (ZB):
• Yottabyte (YB): 38
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Storage Hardware: Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Storage capacity is represented in bytes

• 1 byte = 1 character of data
• 1 kilobyte = 1,024 characters
• 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 characters
• 1 gigabyte = over 1 billion characters
• 1 terabyte = over 1 trillion characters
• 1 petabyte = about 1 quadrillion characters
• Exabyte (EB):
• Zettabyte (ZB):
• Yottabyte (YB): 39
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Storage Hardware: Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Storage capacity is represented in bytes

• 1 byte = 1 character of data
• 1 kilobyte = 1,024 characters
• 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 characters
• 1 gigabyte = over 1 billion characters
• 1 terabyte = over 1 trillion characters
• 1 petabyte = about 1 quadrillion characters
• Exabyte (EB):
• Zettabyte (ZB):
• Yottabyte (YB): 40
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Storage Hardware: Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Storage capacity is represented in bytes

• 1 byte = 1 character of data
• 1 kilobyte = 1,024 characters
• 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 characters
• 1 gigabyte = over 1 billion characters
• 1 terabyte = over 1 trillion characters
• 1 petabyte = about 1 quadrillion characters
• Exabyte (EB):
• Zettabyte (ZB):
• Yottabyte (YB): 41
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Storage Hardware: Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Storage capacity is represented in bytes

• 1 byte = 1 character of data
• 1 kilobyte = 1,024 characters
• 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 characters
• 1 gigabyte = over 1 billion characters
• 1 terabyte = over 1 trillion characters
• 1 petabyte = about 1 quadrillion characters
• Exabyte (EB):
• Zettabyte (ZB):
• Yottabyte (YB): 42
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Storage Hardware: Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Storage capacity is represented in bytes

• 1 byte = 1 character of data
• 1 kilobyte = 1,024 characters
• 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 characters
• 1 gigabyte = over 1 billion characters
• 1 terabyte = over 1 trillion characters
• 1 petabyte = about 1 quadrillion characters
• Exabyte (EB):
• Zettabyte (ZB):
• Yottabyte (YB): 43
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Storage Hardware: Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Storage capacity is represented in bytes

• 1 byte = 1 character of data
• 1 kilobyte = 1,024 characters
• 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 characters
• 1 gigabyte = over 1 billion characters
• 1 terabyte = over 1 trillion characters
• 1 petabyte = about 1 quadrillion characters
• Exabyte (EB):
• Zettabyte (ZB):
• Yottabyte (YB): 44
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Storage Hardware: Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Storage capacity is represented in bytes

• 1 byte = 1 character of data
• 1 kilobyte = 1,024 characters
• 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 characters
• 1 gigabyte = over 1 billion characters
• 1 terabyte = over 1 trillion characters
• 1 petabyte = about 1 quadrillion characters
• Exabyte (EB):
• Zettabyte (ZB):
• Yottabyte (YB): 45
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Storage Hardware: Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Storage capacity is represented in bytes

• 1 byte = 1 character of data
• 1 kilobyte = 1,024 characters
• 1 megabyte = 1,048,576 characters
• 1 gigabyte = over 1 billion characters
• 1 terabyte = over 1 trillion characters
• 1 petabyte = about 1 quadrillion characters
• Exabyte (EB):
• Zettabyte (ZB):
• Yottabyte (YB): 46
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Output hardware
• Video
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Sound cards
• Speakers
• Monitor
• Printer

• Communications hardware
• Modem

47
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Basic PC System
Using Information Technology, 11e

Panel 1.9
Page 33

48
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Software

Computers use two basic types of software: system

software and application software.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• System Software—enables the computer to

perform essential operating tasks and makes it
possible for application software to run.
• Most important part: operating system (OS)
• Some operating system options
• Windows
• Unix
• Linux
• Mac OS

49
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Software

• Application Software—enables you to perform

specific tasks—solve problems, perform work,
Using Information Technology, 11e

or entertain yourself.
• Compatibility: Application software is specific to the system
software you use.
• Linux applications won’t work on Windows.
• Windows applications won’t necessarily work on Linux.

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 1.6 Where Is
Using Information Technology, 11e

Information
Technology Headed?

51
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Computers are headed in three basic directions—
Using Information Technology, 11e

miniaturization, faster speeds,

and

greater affordability

—and communications are improving

connectivity,

interactivity, and support of

multimedia. 52
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 When Computers & Communications Converge:
Five Results

Convergence—combination of several industries

• Computers
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Communications
• Consumer electronics
• Entertainment
• Mass media
1. Portability
2. Personalization
3. Collaboration
4. Cloud computing
5. Artificial intelligence 53
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 • Cloud computing basically means that instead of storing your
Using Information Technology, 11e

software and/or data on your own PC or your own company’s

computers, you store it on servers on the Internet.
• Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a group of related
technologies used for developing machines to emulate human
qualities, such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing,
and hearing. Much of AI is based on the use of algorithms,
formulas or sets of steps for solving particular problems.
AI deals with Big Data, data that is so large and complex
that it cannot be processed using conventional methods,

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Ethics

Many important ethical issues are involved in the use of

information technology.
Using Information Technology, 11e

• Ethics is the set of moral values or principles that

govern the conduct of an individual or a group.
• 3 ethical considerations resulting from development of
IT:
• Speed & scale affect security and personal privacy
• Unpredictability—IT can be less predictable and reliable than
other technologies
• Complexity—computer systems can be unmanageable
55
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.