CSC 307

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN

Prepared by: Dams, Gabriel and Kameel, Buhari January, 2023

Dept. of Computer Science, Kaduna State University (KASU)
 CHAPTER 2:
Overview of Project
Management

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 2
 Topics Overview
• What is a Project?
• What shapes a Project.
• Project Management Triangle
• System Analyst as a Project
Manager
• Responsibilities of a Project
Manager
• Activities of a Project Manager
• Tools for planning, Scheduling and
Monitoring
CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 3
 What is a Project?
• What is a Project?

• –a planned undertaking of a series of

related activities to reach an objective
that has a beginning and an end.

• –a temporary attempt or endeavour

made to produce some kind of a tangible
or intangible result ( a unique product,
service, benefit, competitive advantage,
etc. )
CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 4
 What Shapes a Project?
• Successful projects must be completed
on time, within budget, meet
requirements, and satisfy users.

• We must not meet each and every

requirements.

• Consider a 2 years project that was

delivered 1 month late, a little above
budget but it satisfy users. Do we say
the project wasn’t successful?
CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 5
 What Shapes a Project?
• Measuring successful project is by
auditing the project charter after the
project.

• Note: Project Charter describes the

– The project vision
– Objectives
– Scope
– Organization and
– Implementation plan

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 6
 What is a Project
Management Triangle?

• Usually one of these is fixed

– A budget cast in stone
– An inflexible scope
– A schedule fixed by factors beyond the firm’s
control
• Note: A successful project must balance
cost, scope and time against a set of
CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 7
 System Analyst as a Project
Manager?
• A Project manager in the context of SAD is
a systems analyst with a diverse set of
skills—management, leadership, technical,
conflict management, and customer
relationship—who is responsible for
initiating, planning, executing, and closing
down a project.

• NOTE: A systems Analyst is responsible

for:
– Project initiation
– Planning
– Execution
– Analysis
CSC 307- System Closing down
and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 8
 Responsibility of a Project
Manager
• Project planning
– Identify all project tasks and estimate the
completion time and cost of each
• Project scheduling
– Create a specific timetable that shows tasks,
task dependencies, and critical tasks that might
delay the project.
• Project monitoring
– Guiding, supervising and coordinating the project
team’s workload
• Project reporting
– Create regular progress reports to management,
users, and the project team itself.

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 9
 What does a Project Manager
do?
• Step 1 – Create a Work Breakdown
Structure

• Step 2 – Identify Task Patterns

• Steps 3 – Calculate the Critical Paths

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 10
 Step 1 – Create a Work
Breakdown Structure
• Dividing the project into manageable
tasks
• WBS aids in making the project
manager to:
– Identify the tasks
– List the tasks
– Estimate duration of each task

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 11
 Example of Work Breakdown
Structure
• Conducting a research that requires
using a questionnaire.

• This requires a series of tasks and

events to track the progress.

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 12
 Step 2 – Identify Task Patterns
• WBS must clearly identify each task
and include an estimated duration.

• A task, or activity is any work that

has a beginning and an end and
requires the use of company
resources such as people, time or
money.

• So, what are task patterns?

– Sequence in which every task is executed.
CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 13
 Example of Identify Task
Patterns
• Task patterns determines the order in
which the tasks are performed.

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 14
 Main Types Task Patterns.
1. Dependent tasks
– One task must be completed before
another starts

2. Multiple Successor tasks

– Several tasks can start at the same time

3. Multiple Predecessor tasks

– Task requires two or more prior tasks to
be completed before it can start

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 15
 Step 3 – Calculate the Critical
Path?
• What is a Critical Path?
– A series of tasks which, if delayed, would
affect the completion date of the overall
project.

• If any task on the critical path falls

behind schedule, the entire project
will be delayed.

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 16
 How do I Calculate a Critical
Path?
• Review task patterns, determine start and
finish dates, which will determine the critical
path.
– Tasks depend on each other and must be
performed in a sequence. The types of task
patterns could be:
• Dependent Tasks
– When tasks must be completed one after another
– Similar to relay race.

• Multiple Successor Tasks

– When several tasks can start at the same time
– Each is called a concurrent task
– Often, two or more concurrent tasks depend on a single
prior task, which is called a predecessor task.

• Multiple Predecessor Tasks

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 17
 Tools for Planning, Scheduling
and Monitoring
• Tools that could be used for
planning, scheduling and
monitoring projects are:
– Gantt chart
– PERT chart
– Critical Path Method (CPM) Chart
– Network Diagrams

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 18
 What is Gantt Chart?
• A graphical representation of a project that
shows each task as a horizontal bar whose
length is proportional to its time for
completion.

• Developed by mechanical engineer and

management consultant Henry L. Gantt
almost 100 years ago.

• Shows planned and actual progress on a

project.

• Time is usually displayed on horizontal axis

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 19
 Examples of Gantt Chart

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 20
 Examples of Gantt Chart

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 21
 Examples of Gantt Chart

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 22
 What is a PERT chart?
• Program Evaluation and Review
Technique (PERT)
– Provides a visual representation of a
project’s timeline and breaks down
individual tasks.
– Developed by the U.S. Navy to manage
complex projects

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 23
 Example of PERT Chart
• In the PERT chart below. Task 1 is a dependent
task and has multiple successor task.
• Task 4 has multiple predecessor tasks.
• In this figure, the analyst has arranged the
tasks and entered task names, IDs and
durations

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 24
 What is a CPM chart?
• Critical Path Method (CPM)
– Similar to PERT, developed by a private
industry
– Technique used for identifying tasks that
are necessary for project completion.

– It aids in determining the longest

sequence of activities that must be
finished on time in order for the entire
project to be complete.

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 25
 Example of CPM Chart
• In the CPM of 5 charts below, the
analyst has entered the start and finish
times.

• Notice that the overall project has a

duration of 13days

Critical Path: 1345

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 26
 What is a Network Diagram?
• Similar to PERT chart also.

• Graphical portrayal of activities and

events of a projects.

• It shows how each activity relates to

others in the project.

• Visualizes the sequential and logical

relationship between tasks in a
project.
CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 27
 Example of Network Diagram
• The CPM chart and network diagram
are most times referred to as PERT.

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 28
 Gantt Versus PERT
• Gantt
– offers a valuable snapshot view of the project
– Visually shows duration of tasks
– Visually shows time overlap between tasks
– Visually shows slack time

• PERT
– more useful for scheduling, monitoring and
controlling the actual work
– displays complex task patterns and relationships
– chart boxes can provide more detailed
information
– Visually shows dependencies between tasks
– Visually shows which tasks can be done in
CSC 307- Systemparallel
Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 29
 Project Management Software
• Microsoft Project is a full-featured program
that holds the dominant share of the
market

• Gantt chart
– As you enter the tasks, the program
automatically performs the calculations, detects
the task patterns and creates a Gantt chart.

• Network diagram
– View is similar to a PERT chart

• Calendar view
– View similar to a PERT chart as an overlay on a
CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 30
 The Bottom Line
• The system analyst as a project managers
must be alert, technically competent and
highly resourceful.

• They must also be good communicators

with strong human resource skills.

• When problems occur, their ability to

handle the situation becomes the critical
factor.

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 31
 Q&A

CSC 307- System Analysis and Design Prepared by Dams G. L. & Kameel B. Chapter 2: Slide 32