Algebraic structure

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 Recall

Let’s start with some basic concepts

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 Different sets of number

1. Set of natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,…}

•Natural numbers, also known as non-negative integers(all positive

integers)
• 0 is NOT a natural number because natural numbers are counting
numbers. For counting any number of objects, we start counting from 1
and not from 0
2. Whole numbers W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}

• All Natural numbers are whole numbers and all whole numbers are
real numbers
3. Set of integer numbers Z = {...,−5,−4,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,4,5,...}

• Number that can be written without decimal or fractional part.

• Integer = Negative numbers + whole number

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 Different sets of number

4. Set of relational numbers ­Q = p/q where p,q ∈ Z and q ≠ 0

• Relational numbers include natural numbers, whole numbers, integer numbers
and all negative and positive fractions.
• Non-terminating but repeating exam- 1/3,5/4, 0/4….
5. Set of irrational numbers ­Ir = {pi, √2, √3, √5, √11, √21…}

• Irrational numbers are those real numbers that cannot be represented in the
form of a ratio.
• They are non-repeating, non-terminating decimals.

6. Set of Real numbers R = {All relational and irrational numbers}

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 What is algebraic structure ?

A non-empty set S together with at least one binary operation defined on

it is called an algebraic structure. Thus if S is a non-empty set and “∗”
is a binary operation on S, then (S,∗) is an algebraic structure

Example: check whether * is binary operation on set N ={1,2,3,4,5,..},

if * defined by
a*b= a+b+2 , where a, b ∈ (N, +)

Solution: let a=1, b=2

In, a*b=a+b+2 , put value of a and b
a*b= 1+1+2=4
Here result 4 ∈ N, therefore N is closed under * and * is binary operation on N

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 Do yourself ?

1. Which of the following is a binary operation on given set?

• a*b= a+b+2 , where a, b ∈ R
• a*b= a x b/5 , where a, b ∈ Q
• a*b= a+b-ab , where a, b ∈ Z
• a*b= a/b , where a, b ∈ N

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 General Properties

1. Commutative: Let * be a binary operation on a set A. The operation * is said to be commutative in A

if a * b= b * a for all a, b in A

2. Associativity: Let * be a binary operation on a set A. The operation * is said to be associative in A

if (a * b) * c = a *( b * c) for all a, b, c in A

3. Identity: For an algebraic system (A, *), an element ‘e’ in A is said to be an identity element of A if
a * e = e * a = a for all a ∈ A.

4. Inverse: Let (A, *) be an algebraic system with identity ‘e’. Let a be an element in A. An element b is said to
be inverse of A if a * b = b * a = e

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 Ho to find identity ?

An identity is a number (let n is the number ) that when added, subtracted, multiplied or divided with any
number, allows n to remain the same. The identity will be either 0 or 1, depending on the operation that we are
using. In addition and subtraction, the identity is 0. In multiplication and division, the identity is 1.

• n + Additive Identity (0) = n

• n - Subtractive Identity (0) = n
• n * Multiplicative Identity (1) = n
• n/ Divisive Identity (1) = n

Example: 1) multiplicative identity of number 5 ?

5*1=5
2) Subtractive identity of 10
10-(0)=10

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 Ho to find Inverse ?

The additive inverse is the opposite of the number. Any number plus its additive inverse equals 0.

a+(−a)=0

Example: additive inverse of number 10?

10 +(-10)=0

The multiplicative inverse is the reciprocal of the number. Any nonzero number multiplied by its reciprocal
equals 1.

a∗1/a=1

Example: multiplicative inverse of number 10?

10 *(1/10)=1

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 Semi group

An algebraic structure (S,*) is called a semi group if it follows the

following properties
• Closure :(a*b) belongs to S for all a,b ∈ S.
• Associativity: a*(b*c) = (a*b)*c ∀ a,b,c belongs to S

Example: N={1,2,3,4,5…} , Z = {...,−5,−4,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,4,5,...}

(N, +), 5+(1+2)= (5+1)+2, holds associate property
(Z, .), ✔
(N, -), ✗ not follows associative property , 5-(1-2) ≠ (5-1)-2

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 Monoid

A semi group (S,*) is called a moniod if it follows the following properties

• Closure:(a*b) belongs to S for all a,b ∈ S.
• Associativity: a*(b*c) = (a*b)*c ∀ a,b,c belongs to S.
• Identity Element: There exists e ∈ S such that a*e = e*a = a ∀ a ∈ S

Example: N={1,2,3,4,5…} , Z = {...,−5,−4,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,4,5,...}

(N, +), ✔
(Z, .), ✔
(N, -), ✗ not follows associative property , 5-(1-2) ≠ (5-1)-2
(R, ÷), ✗

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 Group

A monoid (S,*) is called a group if it follows the following properties

• Closure:(a*b) belongs to S for all a,b ∈ S.
• Associativity: a*(b*c) = (a*b)*c ∀ a,b,c belongs to S.
• Identity Element: There exists e ∈ S such that a*e = e*a = a ∀ a ∈ S
• Inverses:∀ a ∈ G there exists a-1 ∈ G such that a*a-1 = a-1*a = e

Example: N={1,2,3,4,5…} , Z = {...,−5,−4,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,4,5,...}

(Z, +), ✔
(R, .), ✗ because , in case of 0 it will not follow the inverse property ,0*1/0= infinite
(N, -), ✗ not follows associative property , 5-(1-2) ≠ (5-1)-2
(R, ÷), ✗

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 Abelian Group
A group (S,*) is called a abelian group if it follows the following properties
• Closure:(a*b) belongs to S for all a,b ∈ S.
• Associativity: a*(b*c) = (a*b)*c ∀ a,b,c belongs to S.
• Identity Element: There exists e ∈ S such that a*e = e*a = a ∀ a ∈ S
• Inverses:∀ a ∈ G there exists a-1 ∈ G such that a*a-1 = a-1*a = e
• Commutative: a*b = b*a for all a,b ∈ S

Example: Z = {...,−5,−4,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,4,5,...}
(Z, +), ✔
1. Closure Property
∀a,b∈Z⇒a+b∈Z
2,-4 ∈ Z ⇒ -2 ∈ Z , Hence Closure Property is satisfied
2. Associative Property
( a+ b ) + c = a+( b +c) ∀ a , b , c ∈ Z
4 ∈ Z, -2 ∈ Z , 6 ∈ Z
So, LHS= ( a + b )+c
= (4+ ( -2 ) ) + 6 = 8
RHS= a + ( b + c )
=4 + ( – 2 + 6 ) = 8 , Associative Property is also Satisfied
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 Abelian Group

3. Identity Property
a+0=a∀a∈Z,0∈Z
4∈Z
4+0 = 4
-5 ∈Z
-5 + 0 = – 5 Identity property is also satisfied.

4. Inverse Property
a + ( -a ) = 0 ∀ a ∈ Z, -a ∈ Z ,0 ∈ Z
a=18 ∈ Z then ∋ a number -18 such that 18 + ( -18 ) = 0 , So, Inverse property is also satisfied.

5. Commutative Property
a+b=b+a∀a,b∈Z
Let a=10, b=20
LHS = a + b
= 10+ 20 = 30
RHS = b + a
= -20 +10 = 30
LHS=RHS
We can see that all five property is satisfied. Hence (I,+) is an Abelian Group.

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 Addition modulo

Addition modulo m” .written in the form a +m b, where a and b belong to an integer and
m is any fixed positive integer
By definition we have
a +m b=r, for 0⩽r<m
Here r is the least non-negative remainder when a+ b, i.e., the ordinary addition of a
and b is divided by m.
Example: 5+6 3=2, since 5+3=8=1(6)+2, i.e., it is the least non-negative reminder
when 5+3 is divisible by 6

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 Multiplication modulo

Multiplication modulo p.” can be written as a×p b, where a and b are any
integers and p is a fixed positive integer

a×pb=r,for0⩽r⩽p
Here r is the least non-negative remainder when ab, i.e. the ordinary product
of a and b, is divided by p.
Example: 4×7 2=1, since 4×2=8=1(7)+1

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 Examples

Qus: Prove that Z4= {0,1,2,3} is an abelian group w.r.t. additive modulo 4.
Solu: All elements presents in table are the element of Z4 (Closure)
Associativity: (1 +4 2)+4 3= 1 +4( 2+4 3)
3+ 4 3 =1 +4 1 Z4 0 1 2 3
2 = 2 (satisfied ) 0 0 1 2 3

Identity: 0 is the identity element as repeating same element in 2 nd row 1 1 2 3 0

2 2 3 0 1
Inverse: inverse of 0= 0
3 3 0 1 2
inverse of 1=3
inverse of 2=2
inverse of 3=1 (satisfied)
Commutative:
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Summary

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 Sub Group

A non empty sub set H of a group (G, *) is a sub group of G, if (H, *) is a group.it satisfies the four
properties simultaneously − Closure, Associative, Identity element, and Inverse.
Denoted by H<=G
Example:
1. (Z ,+) is the subgroup of (Q,+)
2. (Q,+) is the subgroup of (R,+)
Note: 1) The identity of subgroup is the identity of group.
2) The inverse of an element in a subgroup is the inverse of element in the group
3) Intersection of subgroups A and B is again a subgroup

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 Cyclic group

A Group (G, *) is called said to be cyclic group if it contains at least one generator element.
Generator element: On a group a (G, *) a element is called as generator element if
a ∈ G can be represent using power of a
Example: G={0,1,2,3} , +4
=0
=0
=0
=1
=2
=3
=0

By the element 1 we can generate all elements of group G. so that it is a cyclic group

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 homomorphism

A homomorphism is a function f: G → H between two groups satisfying f(ab)

= f(a)f(b), for all a, b ∈ G .
Note that the operation a · b is occurring in the domain while f(a) · f(b) occurs
in the codomain.

Let (G,*) and (H, o) be two group f: G H

x,y ∈ G
f(x) f(y) ∈ H
f(x*y) =f(x) o f(y)
Then f is homomorphism

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 Isomorphism

A homomorphism f of a group (G,*) to a group(H,0) is an isomorphism,

If
1) f is one-one(injective function) i.e. f(a) =f(b) a=b ,∀ a,b ∈ b
2) F is onto i.e. f(G) =H , (pre-image for each element of H)
3) Homomorphism
For example, the set of natural numbers can be mapped onto the set of
even natural numbers by multiplying each natural number by 2.

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 Automorphism

An automorphism is an isomorphism from an algebraic structure to itself. Denoted by Aut(G).

A mapping f: G G said to be automorphism

If
1) f is one-one(injective function) i.e. f(a) =f(b) a=b ,∀ a,b ∈ b
2) F is onto i.e. f(G) =H , (pre-image for each element of H)
3) Homomorphism

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Continue…

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