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Review Functions

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Review Functions

Uploaded by

shahwaizarts
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Functions

CS 308 – Data Structures


Function Definition
• Define function header and function body
• Value-returning functions
return-data-type function-name(parameter list)
{
constant declarations
variable declarations

other C++ statements


return value
}
Function Definition (cont.)
• Non value-returning functions
void function-name(parameter list)
{
constant declarations
variable declarations

other C++ statements


}
Function Definition (cont.)
• The argument names in the function header are
referred to as formal parameters.
int FindMax(int x, int y)
{
int maximum;

if(x>=y)
maximum = x;
else
maximum = y;

return maximum;
}
Function Prototype
• Every function should have a function prototype.
• The function prototype specifies the type of the
value that the function returns (if any) and the
type, number, and order of the function's
arguments.
return-data-type function-name(argument data types);
or
void function-name(argument data types);
Function Prototype (cont.)
• The use of function prototypes permits
error checking of data types by the
compiler.
• It also ensures conversion of all arguments
passed to the function to the declared
argument data type when the function is
called.
Preconditions and Postconditions
• Preconditions are a set of conditions
required by a function to be true if it is to
operate correctly.
• Postconditions are a set of conditions
required to be true after the function is
executed, assuming that the preconditions
are met.
Preconditions and
Postconditions (cont.)
int leapyr(int)
// Preconditions: the integers must represent a year in
// a four digit form, such as 1999
// Postconditions: a 1 will be returned if the year is
a // leap year; otherwise, a 0 will be returned
{
C++ code
}
Calling a function
• A function is called by specifying its name
followed by its arguments.
• Non-value returning functions:
function-name (data passed to function);
• Value returning functions:
results = function-name (data passed to
function);
Calling a function (cont.)
#include <iostream.h>
int FindMax(int, int); // function prototype
int main()
{
int firstnum, secnum, max;
cout << "\nEnter two numbers: ";
cin >> firstnum >> secnum;
max=FindMax(firstnum, secnum); // the function is called here
cout << "The maximum is " << max << endl;
return 0;
}

• The argument names in the function call are referred


to as actual parameters
Calling a function by value
• The function receives a copy of the actual
parameter values.
• The function cannot change the values of
the actual parameters.
Calling a function by reference
• Very useful when we need a function which
"returns more than one value".
• The formal parameter becomes an alias for
the actual parameter.
• The function can change the values of the
actual parameters.
Calling a function by reference (cont.)
#include <iostream.h>
void newval(float&, float&); // function prototype
int main()
{
float firstnum, secnum;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> firstnum >> secnum;
newval(firstnum, secnum);
cout << firstnum << secnum << endl;
return 0;
}

void newval(float& xnum, float& ynum)


{
xnum = 89.5;
ynum = 99.5;
}
The "const" modifier
• Call by reference is the preferred way to pass a large
structure or class instances to functions, since the
entire structure need not be copied each time it is
used!!
• C++ provides us with protection against accidentally
changing the values of variables passed by reference
with the const operator
function prototype: int FindMax(const int&, const int&);
function header: int FindMax(const int& x, const int& y);
Function Overloading
• C++ provides the capability of using the
same function name for more than one
function (function overloading).
• The compiler must be able to determine
which function to use based on the number
and data types of the parameters.
Function Overloading (cont.)
void cdabs(int x)
{
if (x<0)
x = -x;
cout << "The abs value of the integer is " << x << endl;
}

void cdabs(float x)
{
if (x<0)
x = -x;
cout << "The abs value of the float is " << x << endl;
}

• Warning: creating overloaded functions with


identical parameter lists and different return types
is a syntax error !!

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