Solving Linear

Equations in One
Variable
Module 1:
Linear and
Slope and y-intercept
MATHEMATIC
Quadratic
Equations S 2
MODULE 1 Solving Quadratic
Equations

Applications of Linear
Equations
• Solving Linear Equations
• Equations with No
Solution of Infinitely Many
Solutions
SOLVING LINEAR
EQUATIONS
SOLVE FOR THE VARIABLE. USE THE ADDITION OR
MULTIPLICATION PRINCIPLES TO SOLVE.

y + 12 = 3
To get y by itself, you need to subtract 12
from each side so you get y = -9.

3 x = 39
To get x by itself you need to divide by 3
on each side so you get x = 13
 PRACTICE: SOLVE FOR THE VARIABLE.

1)-6 = y + 25
2)15 = -8 + z 1) y = -
3) x - = - 31
4) 3 x = 63 2) z = 23
3) x = -
5) x = 27
1/6
4) x = 21
5) x = 36
 TWO-STEP PROBLEMS: APPLY BOTH THE
ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLES TO SOLVE EQUATIONS.

Solve 2x - 4 = 6

1) First get rid of the number being added or

subtracted by doing the opposite (add 4 to both
sides) which gives you 2x = 10

2) Divide both sides by 2 to give you x = 5

3) Always check your answer by substituting 5 in

for x in the original equation to make sure you have
a true statement (2*5 – 4 = 6. Correct!)
 TWO-STEP PROBLEMS: APPLY BOTH THE
ADDITION AND MULTIPLICATION
PRINCIPLES TO SOLVE EQUATIONS.

Solve.
1)x = 4
1) 3 x + 6 = 18
2) t = 9
2) t - 1 = 5
3) w = -24/7
3) - - 2 = 1
 SOLVING MULTI-STEP EQUATIONS
Simplify the expression on each side,
then solve.
10 – 3x = 2x – 8x + 40
10 – 3x = -6x + 40
+6x +6x
10 + 3x = 40
-10 -10
3x = 30
3 3
X = 10
 SOLVING MULTI-STEP EQUATIONS
Simplify the expression on each side,
then solve.

4 + 4x – 7 = 4x – 2 – x x=1

5( x – 7) = 3(x – 2 ) + x x = 29

+ 4m = 3m – m = -3
 EQUATIONS WITH NO OR
INFINITE SOLUTIONS
No Solution: When you try to solve an
equation, you will get a false statement.
For example, you might end up with 3 = 7,
which is false so there is no solution or Ø
(empty set)
Infinite Solutions: If you solve an equation
that is true for every number, then there is
an infinite number of solutions. For
example, if you get 4 = 4 or x = x, then
there are an infinite number of solutions
(All real numbers)
 EQUATIONS WITH NO OR
INFINITE SOLUTIONS
Solve: 6x + 14 = 6x – 4
Since 14 does not
2(3x + 7) = 6x – 4equal -4, there is
no solution.

4(-3x + 1) = 15x + 6 – (27x + 2)

-12x + 4 = 15x + 6 + -27x + -2
-12x + 4 = -12x + 4
This is always true so there are an
infinite number of solutions.
APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS
 13

PROBLEM SOLVING WITH LINEAR EQUATIONS

 SOLUTION TO THE PREVIOUS
PROBLEM:
• Let a = Associate’s salary • Associate’s salary
• Then, a + 25 = Bachelor’s $48,000
salary • Bachelor’s salary
• Thus, a + 45 = Master’s salary $73,000
• Master’s salary
Therefore, a + a + 25 + a + 45 $93,000
= 214
Combine terms and solve.
Substitute your solution for “a”
above to get the three salaries.
Check your work by substituting
your value for “a” into your
original equation.
 Solve…. 16

The toll to bridge costs $7. Commuters

who use the bridge frequently have the
option of purchasing a monthly discount
pass for $30. With the discount pass, the
toll is reduced to $4. For how many bridge
crossings per month will the total monthly
cost without the discount be the same as
the total monthly cost with the discount
pass?
10 times
 Solve…. 17

Your local computer store is having a terrific

sale on digital cameras. After a 40% price
reduction, you purchase a digital camera
for $276. What was the camera’s price
before the reduction?

$460
Slope and y-intercepts
 X AND Y INTERCEPTS

The point The x

where the intercept
Line crosses has 0 for
the two y.
axis. The y
intercept
has 0 for
x
 FINDING INTERCEPTS
Find the y-intercept and the x-intercept of the
graph of 2x + 4y = 20.

Put 0 in for x to Put 0 in for y to find

find the y- the x-intercept
intercept.
2(0) + 4y = 20 2x + 4(0) = 20
0 + 4y = 20 2x + 0 = 20

Y = 5, X = 10
(0,5) is the y-intercept (10,0) is the x-intercept
 FINDING INTERCEPTS
1. Use the intercepts to graph the linear equation.
Intervals of graph are 2

X = 10
(10,0) is the x-intercept

Each block on the graph is

worth 2 units
 GRAPH 3X – 2Y = 30
USING INTERCEPTS
 Find each intercept using substitution.
 Plot the x and y-intercepts.
 Connect the dots!
 SLOPE
• Rate and Slope: The rate is always the vertical
change divided by the corresponding horizontal
change.

How far did

Mickey ride in
30 minutes?
9 miles

What is
Mickey’s rate
in miles per
hour (mph)?
18 mph

How long did it

take Mickey to
go 24 miles?
1 hr. 20 min.
SLOPE DEFINITION IS
 POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE SLOPE

The line rises The line falls

going going
from left to from left to
right right
Horizontal lines always have slope equal to zero
Vertical lines always have undefined slope: Ø
FIND THE SLOPE
1/2
FIND THE SLOPE
-3/4
 SLOPE FORMULA ON A
GRAPH

m is the common notation to represent the slope.

The m comes from the French verb monter meaning
“to rise.”
FIND THE SLOPE
Find the slope
2 different
ways.

(-1 – = -4=-
3) 1
(2 - - 4
2)Rise (down) -8 over
Run 8
= -1
 FIND THE SLOPE USING THE SLOPE
FORMULA

Slope = 1/5
a) (1,8) and (6, 9)
Slope = -
b) (-1, 4) and (5, -8) 2

c) (14, 6) and (14, -2) Slope is

undefined
(vertical
Slope = 0line)
d) (-3, 7) and (9, 7)
(horizontal
line)
Quadratic Equations
• Multiplying Polynomials
• Factoring to solve
• Quadratic Formula to
solve
 Polynomial Operations
- Multiplication by a Monomial -

It is important to remember your Power

Laws!
Multiplying
- If the variables are the same, add the
exponents
(ex) (x3 )(x4) = x(3+4)
 Polynomial Operations
- Multiplication by a Monomial -

- Multiplying
- If the variables are different, we
write them side-by-side meaning
that we are multiplying them
- Any coefficients get multiplied as
normal
(ex) (3x)(2y) = 6xy
 Polynomial Operations
- Multiplication by a Monomial -

2z(3z + 4) 6z2 + 8z

-2x(-5x + 3)
10x2 – 6x
**Remember your distributive
property
MULTIPLYING
POLYNOMIALS
Distribute and FOIL
 POLYNOMIALS *
POLYNOMIALS
Multiplying a Polynomial by another Polynomial requires more than one
distributing step. FOIL

Multiply: (2a + 7b)(3a + 5b)

Distribute 2a(3a + 5b) and distribute 7b(3a + 5b):

6a2 + 10ab 21ab + 35b2

Then add those products, adding like terms:

6a2 + 10ab + 21ab + 35b2 = 6a2 + 31ab + 35b2

 POLYNOMIALS *
POLYNOMIALS
An alternative is to stack the polynomials and do long multiplication.

(2a + 7b)
(2a + 7b)(3a + 5b)
x (3a + 5b)

(2a + 7b)
Multiply by 5b, then by 3a:
x (3a + 5b)
When multiplying by 3a, line
up the first term under 3a. 21ab + 35b2
+ 6a2 + 10ab

Add like terms: 6a2 + 31ab + 35b2

 POLYNOMIALS *
POLYNOMIALS
Multiply the following polynomials:
POLYNOMIALS *
POLYNOMIALS
(x + 5)
x (2x + -1)

-x + -5
+ 2x2 + 10x

2x2 + 9x + -5

(3w + -2)
x (2w + -5)

-15w + 10
+ 6w2 + -4w

6w2 + -19w + 10
POLYNOMIALS *
POLYNOMIALS

(2a2 + a + -1)
x (2a2 + 1)

2a2 + a + -1
+ 4a4 + 2a3 + -2a2

4a4 + 2a3 + a + -1
Polynomial Factoring
Factoring a polynomial
means expressing it as a
product of other
polynomials.
X – X – 2 = (X + 1)
2

(X – 2)
 Factoring Method Difference of 2 Squares

A “Difference of Squares” is a
binomial (*2 terms only*) and it
factors like this:
2 2
a  b (a  b)( a  b)
25x2 – 16 = (5x + 4) (5x – 4)

-42
To factor, express each term as a
square of a monomial then apply
2 2
the rule... a  b (a  b)( a  b)
2
Ex: x  16 
2 2
x  4 
(x  4)(x  4)
 Here is another
example:
1 2
x  81 
49
2
1 x  92  1 x  91 x  9
7  7 7 
 Try these on your own:
1. x  121  x  11 x  11
2

2 2
2. 9y  169x 3 y  13 x 3 y  13 x 
4
3. x  16 (x2 - 4) (x2 + 4) can be simplified

Be careful! more
 x  2  x  2   x  4 
2
Factoring aTrinomial whose leading coefficient is 1
2
Factoring a trinomial: ax  bx  c
1. Write two sets of parenthesis, (x )(x ). These
will be the factors of the trinomial.

2. Find the factors of the c term that add to the b

term. For instance, let c = d·e and d+e = b
then the factors are
(x+d)(x +e )
Next
 2
Example : x  6x  8
x  x 
x -2 x -4 
1+8=9
Factors of +8: 1&8
2+4=6
2&4
-1 & -8 -1 - 8 = -9

-2 & -4 -2 - 4 = -6

Factors of +8 that add to -6

 2
x  6x  8 (x  2)( x  4)
Check your answer by
using FOIL
F O I L

2
(x  2)( x  4)  x  4x  2x  8
2
 x  6x  8
 Factoring Method Perfect Square Trinomials
Factoring a perfect square trinomial
in the form:
2 2 2
a  2ab  b (a  b)
2 2 2
a  2ab  b (a  b)
x2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)2
x2 – 2x + 1 = (x – 1)2
Perfect Square Trinomials can be factored just like other
trinomials (guess and check), but if you recognize the
perfect squares pattern, follow the formula!
 2
Ex: x  8x 16
2
x 2
4  a b

Does the middle term fit the

pattern, 2ab?

2 x 4 8x
Yes, the factors are (a + b)2 :

2
x  8x 16 x  4
2
 Try these on your own:
X2 – 5x – 6 (x – 6) (x + 1)

X2 + 11x + 10 (x + 10) (x + 1)

25x2 – 16 (5x – 4) (5x + 4)

X2 – 2x – 8 (x – 4) (x + 2)

X2 – 3x + 2 (x – 2) (x – 1)
 Steps for factoring:
1. Find the greatest common factor
(GCF) if there is one; then
factor.
2. Divide the polynomial by the GCF.
The quotient is the other factor.

3. Express the polynomial as the product

of the quotient and the GCF.
 3X3 – 18X2 + 27X
ALWAYS CHECK FOR GCF BEFORE YOU DO ANYTHING ELSE.

Find a GCF 3x

Can this
3x(x2 – 6x + 9) be
factored?

3x(x - 3)(x – 3)
3X + 11X - 20
2
What are factors of
3x2?
(3x ____) (x ____) What are factors of -
20?

(3x – 10) (x + 2) Use foil to check if one

(3x + 10) (x -2) of these = 3x2 + 11x -
20
(3x - 4) (x + 5)
(3x + 5) (x - 4 )
(3x – 5) (x + 4)
Plus more
5X - 11X + 6
2
What are factors of
5x2?
(5x ____) (x ____) What are factors of 6?
Because 11 is
negative, the
(5x - 1) (x - 6) factors of 6 must be
negative
(5x - 6) (x - 1) Use foil to check if one
(5x – 2) (x - 3) of these = 5x2 - 11x +6
(5x - 3) (x - 2)
A quadratic equation in standard form is
written:
ax2 + bx + c = 0
where a, b, and c are real numbers
with a ≠ 0

The Zero Product Principle:

If AB = 0, then A = 0 or B = 0
We are taking
your You factored x2 -5x - 6 earlier
factoring 1
more step. (x + 1) (x – 6)
Written in standard form x2 -5x - 6 = 0
If (x + 1) (x – 6)= 0
then either (x + 1)= 0 or (x – 6) = 0 Zero
Product
We set each factor = 0 and solve for x. Propert
y
X + 1 = 0 or x – 6 = 0

x = -1 or x = 6 or both
How can you check your answer?
 Remember:

 Rewrite equation in standard form if needed,

moving all terms to one side
 Factor completely
 Set each factor containing a variable equal to 0
and solve
 Check the solution in the original equation
 EXAMPLE:

Check by substituting 4 into the original

solution. Is it a solution?
 EXAMPLE:
(X – 7) (X + 5) = -20
THIS IS NOT WRITTEN IN STANDARD FORM .
Use FOIL to multiply the left side and then
move -20 so that the right side = 0

What can x be? Is it a solution? X = -3

and 5
check
 Use factoring to solve:

(x – 6) (x – 6), x = 6

1) x2 = 12x – 36

(x + 7) (x – 7), x = 7,
-7
2) x2 – 49 = 0
 Use factoring to solve:

1) (x – 1) (x + 4) =
x2 + 3x -
14 18 (x + 6) (x –
3),
x = -6, 3
2) x(x – 4) = 21 x2 – 4x – 21
=0
(x – 7) (x +
3),
X = 7, -3
The Square Root Property: for any positive
real number d, if = d, then or

a)= 100 y = 10 or -10

b)= 25 X = 5 or -5

c2 = 6 c=
c) 3-18=0 3c =
2

18

d)=21 w= or w = -
w2 = 3

x2 = x = or x =-
2x =2

7
The Square Root Property: for any positive real
number d, if = d, then or

3x + 2 = 3 or 3x + 2 X=-
a) (3 + 2)2 = 9
=3x
-3 = 1 3x = - 5/3 or
5 1/3
3x =
2
X =
2
b) -11=0
11 11/3
X=

c) (x – 1)2 = 5
X – 1 = or -
X=1+ or x = 1 -
 WHEN TRINOMIALS ARE DIFFICULT OR
IMPOSSIBLE TO FACTOR, WE CAN USE THE
QUADRATIC FORMULA

The Quadratic Formula The solutions of

,
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING USING
THE QUADRATIC FORMULA
•
• a = ___
2 b = ____
9 c =-5
____ solve

Solution: -5,
1/2
 SOLVE THE FOLLOWING USING THE QUADRATIC FORMULA

•
• Move all terms to 1 side because 0
must be on the right.
2 b =-4
• a = ___ ____ c = -1
____ solve

Solution: 4 + or 4 - = 4 + 2 or 4 -
4 4 4
4
= 2 + or 2 -
2 2
SOLVE USING THE QUADRATIC
FORMULA

No REAL
Solution
1) = 0 -3 + or -3 -
6
6
-3 + and – 3 -
 ADDITIONAL
RESOURCES

Multiplying Binomials

Factoring 101
Interesting video factoring perfect squares
Difference of squares Khan