CONTENTS

•INTRODUCTION
•WHAT IS PHOTOGRAMMETRY
•FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
•BRANCHES OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
•APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
•WORKFLOW OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
•SOFTWARE USED IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY
•LIMITATIONS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
•EXAMPLES OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY SURVEYING
•CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
•Photogrammetry is a simple technique that uses photographs for surveying and mapmaking. It is the
science that helps in obtaining important information about the physical objects and environment through
the process of recording, interpreting, and measuring the photographic images. It is a simple science of
making measurements from photographs.
•In the year 1851, a French inventor by the name of Aimé Laussedat had a theoretical idea of the camera that
could help in mapping but he wasn’t able to invent it. Fifty years later, in the middle of the nineteenth
century, photogrammetry was invented and appeared simultaneously with the appearance of photography. A
french surveyor by the name of Dominique F. Arago proposed the use of photographs to create a topographic
map in the year 1840. The Prussian architect by the name of Albrecht Meydenbauer first coined the term
photogrammetry in his 1867 article "Die Photometrographie.“
•Due to its application, its uses have been expanded over the years and have led to the birth of powerful
techniques that help many industries such as engineering, medicine, construction, and many more. Imagine
you want to analyze an object, photogrammetry helps in gathering the data and the measurements of the
object by only analyzing the changes in the position of that object by viewing two different images.
• Photo is analyzed and advanced processing software is used to do the photogrammetric job.
• Photogrammetry is the process of deriving metric information about an object through
measurement made on the photograph of the object. Photogrammetry is the science of making
measurements from photographs and it means the measuring of features on a photograph.
• This is concerned about metric or measurement aspect of the process. In addition to this photo
interpretation aspect is also involved while the technology is used for mapping where feature
collection is required.
• The fundamental task of metric information is derived through establishing the geometric
relationship between the image and the object as it existed at the time of the imaging. Once this
is established other information of the object are derived.
 WHAT IS PHOTOGRAMMETRY
• Photogrammetry is the process of deriving metric information about an object through
measurement made on the photograph of the object. Photogrammetry is the science of making
measurements from photographs and it means the measuring of features on a photograph.
•This is concerned about metric or measurement aspect of the process. In addition to this photo
interpretation aspect is also involved while the technology is used for mapping where feature
collection is required.
•The fundamental task of metric information is derived through establishing the geometric
relationship between the image and the object as it existed at the time of the imaging. Once this
is established other information of the object are derived.
•The Photogrammetry method was initially in use by the Prussian Architect in 1867 who designed
some of the earliest topographic maps and some elevation drawings .In the present day scenario,
it’s application is very common in the fields of architecture, engineering, forensic, underwater,
medicine and much more for the production of accurate 3D data.
 Fundamental principle of Photogrammetry
•The fundamental principle used by photogrammetry is triangulation. By taking photographs from
at least two different locations, so-called “lines of sight” can be developed from each camera to
points on the object. These lines of sight (sometimes called rays owing to their optical nature) are
mathematically intersected to produce the 3-dimensional coordinates of the points of interest.
Triangulation is also the principle used by theodolites for coordinate measurement. Even closer to
home, triangulation is also the way your two eyes work together to gauge distance (called depth
perception).
 Branches of Photogrammetry
Aerial Photogrammetry:
In Aerial Photogrammetry, the camera is mounted in an aircraft and is usually pointed
vertically towards the ground. Multiple overlapping photos of the ground are taken as
the aircraft flies along a flight path. The camera which is mounted in an aircraft is
usually pointed vertically towards the ground. Aerial photographs are taken from the air
by special camera mounted in an aircraft flying over the area with the camera axis
vertical or nearly so. These photos are processed in a stereo-plotter (an instrument that
lets an operator see two photos at once in a stereo view). These photos are also used in
automated processing for Digital Elevation Model (DEM) creation .
Terrestrial Photogrammetry:
Terrestrial Photogrammetry is that branch of photogrammetry where photographs are
taken from a fixed, and usually known, position on or near the ground and with the
camera axis horizontal or nearly so. The position and orientation of the camera are often
measured directly at the time of exposure. The instrument used for exposing such
photograph is called photo theodolite. Usually this type of photogrammetry is non-
topographic - that is, the output is not topographic products like terrain models or
topographic maps, but instead drawings, 3D models, measurements, or point clouds .
 Space Photogrammetry:
The space photogrammetry embraces all aspects of
extraterrestrial photography and subsequent measurement
wherein the camera may be fixed on earth, contained in an
artificial satellite, or positioned on the moon or a planet.
The term photo interpretation is applied to that branch of
photogrammetry wherein aerial or terrestrial photographs
are used to evaluate, analyze, classify, and interpret images
of objects which can be seen on the photographs.
Consequently, photogrammetry must be considered as a
combination of measurement and interpretation.
APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
1. To prepare planimetric topographical maps (Surveying/mapping).
2. To determine the space position of ground objects.
3. For acquisition of military intelligence (Military/artificial intelligence).
4. To classify soil (Forestry/agriculture).
5. For the interpretation of geology (Geology/archaeology).
6. Assessment of crop damage due to floods or other natural calamities.
7. To prepare a composite picture of ground.
8. To relocate existing property boundaries.
 WORKFLOW OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
From the 3D model acquisition, construction and
visualization perspective, the solution includes the
three components described.
• To place a CCP target in the scene;
• To take photographs camera, using a predefined sequence
network geometry;
• To handle some script to automatically activate the
different phases of the photogrammetric reconstruction,
with only one extra-step to scale the 3D model (specifying
measurements);
• To import the model in the application template designed
using Unity 3D environment.
•Images pre-processing: development of RAW images, denoise and color correction.
•Automatic 3D model construction: photo alignment, dense cloud construction, meshing.
•Master model alignment and scaling.
•Derived Model setting up (remeshing, parametrization, vertex normals adjustment).
•Normal and diffuse color mapping
•Setting the environment with Unity 3D and importing the 3D model.
 SOFTWARE USED IN PHOTOGRAMMETRY
•Agisoft metashape
•Pix4d
•Autodesk ReCap
•Bentley ContextCapture
 LIMITATIONS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
•Visibility constraints such as rain, fog, or dense vegetation cover can block the
camera’s line of sight or limit light required for clear photography
•Poor weather conditions such as precipitation or wind can affect image capture
and quality
•Altitude of flight required to achieve high image resolution and accuracy may be
restricted by terrain or the built environment
•Difficulty matching points between images with low-contrast or uniformly
textured surfaces e.g. sand, dense vegetation, short grass, tight crops, water
bodies.
 EXAMPLES OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY SURVEYING
Active Process Monitoring —Hickman Bridge
Trail
A large rockfall occurred in the pre-dawn hours of
March 23, 2013 at the trail head of the Hickman
Bridge trail. The trail is beneath a 28 meter (91 ft)
overhanging cliff. This model is a proof of concept
for remote analysis and study of a rock-fall supply
area on a cliff face. This example is important
because of overhanging nature of the cliff above
the popular Hickman Bridge trail. This model
provided accurate measures of the size and area of
the rock face, as well as the volume of the collapse,
but will also provide a baseline for future measure
if any additional changes occur.
 Cultural Resource Monitoring —Gettysburg

Gettysburg National Military Park is the site of one of the most

famous battles of the American Civil war. Memorialized by
Lincoln's address, the park contains numerous monuments and
tributes to both Union and Confederate soldiers. During and in the
immediate years following the battle, numerous signatures were
carved into the stones and rocks exposed throughout the area.
Interpretive efforts often rely on using chalk or pouring water
onto a signature to make the mark more discernable. However,
these methods to increase the contrast can have deleterious
impacts for preservation. A photogrammetric reconstruction [view
photo] can be modified using a color range that highlights the
inscriptions. The 3D model is not especially impressive, but the
power here is the ability to change the surface without contact to
the resource that could increase degradation.
 CONCLUSION
•Photogrammetry comprises all techniques concerned with making measurements of
real-world objects and terrain features from images. These may be aerial as well as
terrestrial images, and they may be taken by film cameras, digital cameras or
electronic scanners on tripods, airborne or spaceborne platforms. Applications
include the measuring of coordinates, quantification of distances, heights, areas and
volumes, preparation of topographic maps, and generation of digital elevation
models and orthophotographs. Understanding the geometry of a single photograph is
the basis for all measurement techniques.
•Civil and Construction Sectors
•Photogrammetric techniques helps you to present a detailed layout of the land surface after data
acquisition by a drone. It is of utmost importance to the civil engineering sector, based on which
accurate you will be able to prepare accurate blueprints for construction.