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Computer Networks

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nikhilshiju18
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Computer Networks

School of CSA BCA-III Sem


Analog and Digital Signals
INTRO : SIGNALS

1. A signal is a function that conveys information.


2. It is used to transmit data from one point to another.
3. Signals can be in the form of electrical voltages, light waves,
sound waves, or electromagnetic waves, and they can carry
information such as voice, video, data, or any other type of
communication.
4. At its core, a signal is just a time-varying quantity that encodes
information. It can be classified into two primary types based on
its nature: Analog Signals
Digital Signals

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ANALOG SIGNALS

Analog Signals:
Analog signals are continuous waveforms that vary over time,
representing data through changes in physical properties like
voltage, amplitude, frequency, or phase. These variations convey
the transmitted information.
Key characteristics include continuous nature, smooth variation over
time, and changes in amplitude and frequency.
Examples of analog signals include sound waves, light waves, and
radio signals

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MODULATION

1. Modulation: When analog signals are used in computer networks,


modulation techniques are employed to convert digital data into
analog form. This process is crucial in networks like the telephone
system, which traditionally relied on analog technology .
2. Modems: A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that
converts digital data from computers into analog signals for
transmission over analog systems like telephone
lines and vice versa.

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TYPES OF ANALOG SIGNALS

Amplitude Modulation (AM): In AM, the amplitude of a carrier wave is


varied according to the data (e.g., voice or music) being transmitted.
Frequency Modulation (FM): In FM, the frequency of the carrier wave
is varied to encode the data.
Phase Modulation (PM): In PM, the phase of the carrier signal is
altered to represent the transmitted data .
Applications: AM and FM signals are widely used in radio
broadcasting. PM is used in various communication systems,
including GSM mobile networks.

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DIGITAL SIGNALS

Digital signals, on the other hand, are discrete waveforms.


They represent data in a binary format, using two distinct values: 0s
and 1s. In digital communication, the signals switch between these
two values to represent different pieces of information.
Digital Data Transmission:
Modern networks use digital signals, transmitting
binary data interpretable by devices like computers, routers, and
switches. Transmission occurs via Ethernet cables, fiber optics, and
wireless technologies.

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TYPES OF DIGITAL SIGNALS
Digital Modulated Signals Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK):
In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied to represent
binary data.
Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK):
In FSK, different frequencies represent different binary values (e.g.,
0s and 1s).
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK):
In PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is shifted to convey the data.
Applications: Digital modulation techniques like ASK, FSK, PSK, and
QAM are commonly used in wireless communication systems
(e.g., Wi-Fi, 4G/5G).
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DIFFERENCE B/W ANALOG AND
DIGITAL SIGNALS
Aspect Analog Signals Digital Signals
Continuous wave that varies Discrete signals with two distinct
Nature
smoothly values (0s and 1s)

Representation Infinite range of values Finite set of values usually binary

More susceptible to noise and Less prone to noise, easier to


Noise Sensitivity
interference correct errors
Used in modern computing and
Data Transmission Used in traditional broadcasting
digital communication

Precision Lower precision High precision

Bandwidth Requires more bandwidth Efficient use of bandwidth

Example Sound, Radio waves, analog TV Computer, digital phones, WI - FI

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CONCLUSION

Signals, either analog or digital, are vital for transmitting data in


networks. Analog signals are continuous, while digital signals are
discrete and more efficient for modern communication. Wired media
(e.g., twisted pair, fiber optics) offer high speed, while wireless
media (e.g., radio waves, microwaves) provide mobility. Both types
of media are essential for reliable and flexible
communication systems

10
BY MAKSAD
- Sahana Ireddy – R23DA178
- Shejin Mathew – R23DA186
- Shiju Nikhil – R23DA187
- Siya Praveen Shirodkaar –
R23DA194
- Vishesh Mavi – R23DA227
- Yelika Surya – R23DA235
Thank You

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