WORD CLASS

B
B
- How to create clear and grammatically correct sentences that convey our intended
meaning.
- A completed sentence is correct about lexical resource as well as grammar.
Nouns
- In English, there are 9 main word classes: Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Pronouns
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
Determiners.
Lexical words: provide the main meaning of a
- Divided in 2 groups: phrase or sentence.
Functional words: provide structural or
relational information is a sentence or phrase.
 NOUNS
- A noun is a word that identifies a person, place, thing, idea, or concept.
- Nouns are often called 'naming words'.
- These include:
Proper nouns: unique person, place, or thing
Common nouns: a non-specific thing or object
 Concrete nouns: things that physically exist. We can touch or experience these
things physically.
 Abstract nouns: things that do not physically exist but rather feelings, ideas, or
concepts that only exist in the mind.
 Countable nouns: a noun that can be 'counted'.
 Uncountable nouns: a noun that cannot be used in the plural.
 NOUNS
 Collective nouns: a group, or a collection of people, animals, or objects.
A team of people
A crowd
A sounder of pigs
A flock of sheep
A bouquet of flowers
A bunch of grapes
 Compound nouns: a noun made up of two or more existing words
hairdresser, skateboard
Whitehouse, New York
shopaholic, sunrise
 NOUNS
 Noun phrase: A noun phrase is a simple phrase (or group of words) that is
built 'around the noun'. The noun phrase acts as the noun in a sentence and is often
'centre stage'.
A scary movie.
A dangerous typhoon.
A black big cat.

 Gerund: A gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun in a sentence.

Gerunds are formed using the root of a verb and adding “-ving”.
I like swimming
Reading is a good way to get more knowledge.
• Honesty is the best policy.
• There is no possibility for you to reach home by six in the evening.
• This place has a really pleasant ambience.
• Pride goes before a fall.
• Brevity is the soul of wit.
• That man is testing my patience.
• Have you read about the theory of evolution?
• Truthfulness is always appreciated.
• Friendship is priceless.
• What do you think about his idea?
 NOUNS
How to indicate a noun???
Position
Suffixes
Position:
- Follows
Articles: The, A, An - The performance, A conclusion,...
Demonstrative determiners: This, That, These, Those - This decision
Possessive determiners: my, your, his, her,...- My happiness
Interrogative determiners: what, which, whose - Whose child
Quantifiers: all, many, a few, some, no... - No money
Cardinal nummbers: one, two, three,... - Two memories
Ordinal numbers: first, second, third,... - Second attempts
to be (am/is/are): ...
Adjective: a pleasant manner
 NOUNS
Suffixes:
-tion/sion: discussion, communication, decision, commission,
population...
-ence/ance: performance, appearance, importance, convenience,
difference...
-ment: enjoyment, management, improvement, development,
engagement...
-ness: kindness, forgiveness, darkness, brightness, loneliness...
-ity: ability, activity, creativity, diversity, quality...
-dom: freedom, wisdom, kingdom, boredom,...
 NOUNS
Pronunciation:
-tion: /ʃn/ competition, emotion, discussion, compulsion...

-sion: /ʒn/ version, decision, conclusion, occasion...

1. Detroit is renowned for the _____________ of car. (produce)
production
2. If you make a good _____________at the interview, you will get the job. (impress)
impression
3. The _____________ looked dark and there were hardly any other guests. (enter)
entrance
4. My history teacher has a vast ________________ of past events. (know)
knowledge
5. You are never too old to go to college and gain some _______________. ( qualify)
qualifications
6. My greatest ________________ was graduating from university. (achieve)
achievement
7. The weatherman said there is a strong _______________ of rain today. (possible)
possibility
8. Despite her severe _________________, she fulfilled her goals in life. (disable)
disability
9. I am really into eating dairy______________. (produce)
products
10. Due to the pilot's _____________, the copilot managed to land safely. (guide)
guidance
 ADJECTIVES
- An adjective is a word usually used to modify and provide more information about a
noun or pronoun.
- Adjectives are often called 'describing words' as they describe a feature or quality of
the noun, such as colour, size, quantity etc.
- The main adjectives are:
Descriptive adjectives: age, color, size, shape...
Evaluative adjectives: opinion (easy # difficult, optimistic # pessimistic...)
Quantitative adjectives: how much, how many (some, little, a few, lots of...)
Interrogative adjectives: whose, which, what
Proper adjectives: origin (Vietnamese, Chinese, Indian...)
Demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, those
Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Compound adjectives: well-educated, old-fashioned, middle-aged, English-speaking, long-lasting,
sugar-free, ten-year-old...
How to indicate an adjective???
Position
Prefixes & Suffixes
Position:
- Before a noun to add information.
- After a verb to add information. (to be, stative verb)
Ex: Train fares remain unchanged.
She was becoming confused.
This movie seems boring.
Suffixes:
-able/ible: able, breakable, edible, fixable, washable,...
-al: traditional, national, medical, final, criminal,...
-ful: beautiful, hopeful, useful, thoughtful, helpful,...
-ous: dangerous, mysterious, tremendous, curios, various,...
-ive: positive, negative, attractive, creative,...
-less: homeless, fearless, useless, hopeless, harmless...
-ent/ant: dependent, confident, different, important, dominant...
-ing: interesting, boring, exciting, touching, tiring...
-ed: interested, bored, excited, touched, tired...
Prefixes:
-in/im/il/ir: incomplete, impatient, impossible, illegal,
indispensable...
-un: unidentified, unhappy, unable, uninteresting,...
-dis: dishonest, disloyal,....
-non: nonprofit, nonsense,
 ADJECTIVES
1. We didn’t think that Jim was old enough for this responsibility.
2. She has done an excellent job of adapting the novel for the screen.
3. In a perfect world, everybody would have everything they needed.
4. A man in a new black jacket and gray trousers
5. Jack wakes up in a strange bedroom this morning.
6. It’s an expensive green Japanese sport motorbike
7. She’s got an absolutely lovely young face
8. He makes the most amazing coffee.
9. The bedroom is relatively large for this modern garden villa
10. He had a firm, square jaw
Order of Adjectives
• Opinion – Size – Shape - Age – Color – Origin – Material – Purpose
(OSSACOMP)
O: delicious, lovely, nice, cool, pretty, comfortable, difficult,...
S: big, small, tall, short, huge, tiny, large, enormous,...
S: round, square, oval, circular,...
A: old, young, new, antique, ancient,...
C:
O: American, British, Indian, Turkish, Chilean, Australian, Brazilian
M: wooden, gold, plastic,
P: homemade, artificial,
Ex: A lovely, tiny, yellow, British kitten.
 ADVERBS
- Adverbs are words that give more information to other words, adding to their meaning with
details relating to place, time, manner, circumstance, or cause.
- Most commonly used to describe a verb; however, they can also modify adjectives, other
adverbs, or clauses.
- The most common types of adverbs are:
Adverbs of place (or 'space') - where is the action taking place?: outside, below, upstairs, nowhere,...

Adverbs of time - when is the action done?: this morning, already, tomorrow,...

Adverbs of manner (or 'process') - how is the action performed?: quickly, slowly, carefully, carelessly,
awkwardly, politely,...

Adverbs of frequency - how often is the action done?: always, usually, occasionally, seldom, hardly, never,...

Adverbs of degree - how much? pretty, very, absolutely, highly, remarkably, slightly, enough,...

Adverbs of relation: besides, then, moreover, furthermore, as a result, in fact,...

How to indicate an adverb???
Position
Suffixes
Position:
- The front position of a clause. (Adv. of manner, time)
Ex: Unfortunately, the typhoon Yagi has caused extensive damage in
Northern Vietnam.
- The mid position is between the subject and the main verb
Ex: He solved the puzzle quickly. (after a verb)
She always arrives early to work.
The movie was extremely exciting. (before an adjective)
Tom learns cooking terribly quickly. (before an adverbs)
Suffixes:
-ly: perfectly, happily, terribly, enthusiastically
 VERBS
- A verb is a word that expresses an action, event, feeling, or state of being.
- They are often thought of as 'doing words'.
- Types of verbs:
 Main verbs: Action verbs, Stative verbs, Transitive verbs, Intransitive
verbs.
 Auxiliary verbs
 Linking verbs
 Main verbs
1. Action verbs: are verbs that describe an action or process done by a noun
or subject. They are 'action verbs'.
Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive.
Ex:
We climbed to the highest peak.
Whitney analyzed the data to find patterns.
He played football in high school.
Toddlers learn new things every day.
2. Transitive verbs: a direct object (a noun or pronoun)-that receives the
action. Without a direct object, sentences are vague or incomplete.
Ex:
I will carry. (×)
I will carry the grocery bags. (√)
Tanya is examining. (×)
Tanya is examining an old manuscript. (√)
Di-transitive verbs: two objects (a direct & an indirect object). An indirect
object indicates the person or thing that receives the direct object.
Ex:
Emily sent her pen pal a letter last week.
Chris gave Tracy his last piece of chewing gum.
Oran is reading a story to his daughter.
Adriana bought food for the guests.
3. Intransitive verbs: no object. They are fine to stand alone.
Ex:
Thousand of trees collapsed totally in the storm.
Cheap rural housing is slowly vanishing in the south of the country.
The political system endures until now.
4. Stative verbs: a state or condition that is stable or unlikely to change
(thoughts, emotions, senses, possession, opinions and other states like
measurement, cost and weight)
Ex:
A water molecule consists of three atoms. [possession]
I don’t think they will win the election. [opinion]
She hates studying on the weekends. [emotion]
I can smell something rotten in the bottom of the fridge. [sense]
Your luggage must be weighed before it is put on the aircraft. [weight]
This cake tastes delicious. (Intransitive)
My Mom is tasting the dish she made. (Transitive)
 Linking verbs:
Connect the subject of a sentence with a subject complement.
Used to indicate conditions or states of being.
Ex:
Jessie became a respected physician.
This coffee tastes bitter.
The cat is asleep.

Note: Linking verbs are stative verbs. But not all stative verbs are linking
verbs.
Ex:
Kate prefers burgers over pizza.
Mark dislikes algebra.
 Auxiliary verbs:
A verb that assists the main verb in a sentence to convey grammatical features
such as tense, mood, and voice.
Ex:
I have finished my homework.
You must submit your assignment on time.
We could run faster when we were younger.

Some common auxiliary verbs include:

-Primary Auxiliary Verbs: “be”, “have”, “do”
-Modal Auxiliary Verbs: which help express ability, permission,
probability, obligation, advice, wishes, and desires.
 OBJECTS
The object of a verb receives the action of the verb, answering the question
'who' or 'what'. This is called a direct object.
Ex:
Sarah kicks the ball. (direct object)
The object of a verb can also receive the direct object. This is called an
indirect object, answering the question 'to, for whom' or 'to, for what'
Ex:
Sarah kicks me the ball (indirect object)
1. Tiffany wished her sister on her birthday.
2. Tom bought his daughter a bicycle.
3. Nilani called me yesterday evening.
4. His mom gave him some pocket money for the trip.
5. Dad taught me some English songs.
6. I gave some candies to my friend.
 PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence.
They can help to prevent repetition.
 PRONOUNS
 Reflexive pronouns:
-