GROUNDWATER

IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Orientation and Workshop on FSR Preparation

Naga City, October 18-22, 2010
 Topics :

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Groundwater Investigation
5.3 Groundwater Analyses and Design
5.4 Locating STW and Farm Clustering

GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION
 5.1 Introduction
• Groundwater depend highly on the rock formation present.
• Rocks can be igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic with different
chemical, physical and structural properties.
• Rocks will either or not transmit and absorb water depending on
the weathering, deposition and consolidation.
Aquifer – formation that can both absorb and transmit water.
Aquiclude – formation that can absorb but cannot transmit water.
Aquifuge – formation that cannot absorb or transmit water.
• Groundwater occurrence or availability will depend on:
Porosity (storage) and Permeability (transmit)
Structures such a folds, faults, joints, cavities, solution channels
Unconfined (water table, phreatic) and confined (non or artesian)
Groundwater Gradient or Slope
Groundwater Fluctuation (season and long term)
Hydrologic and groundwater balance (recharge source)
 DRY
STW DTW WELL

FREE
FLOW

Groundwater occurrence
according to artesian slope
 5.1 Introduction
ARISP III covers only shallow groundwater irrigation (STW)
Well Depth < 25 m (ARISP), < 20 m (NWRB)
SWL < 7 m during dry season
Can be extracted using Centrifugal Pump (ARISP)
Includes STW, Dug Well and Spring Pond (ARISP)
Deep Groundwater Irrigation Scheme (DTW)
Well Depth > 20 m (NWRB)
Extracted using Submersible and Vertical Turbine Pumps
Definition of Terms
Static Water Level (depth of water inside a well without pumping)
Pump Water Level (depth of water while pumping)
Drawdown (difference between static and pump water level)
Mbgs (meters below ground surface)
Specific Capacity (Discharge per unit drawdown, lps/m)
Transmissibility (GW flow per width of aquifer, m 2/d)
ranges ( less than 50 – RWS, 50 to 100 – STW, 100 to 500 DTW)
TYPES OF WELLS

1. Spring Pond
2. Collector Wells
3. Dugwells
4. Shaft with Audit
5. Sunken Wells
6. STW
7. Wells with Open
Hole
8. Wells with screen
and packing
5.1 Introduction
Stages of Groundwater Development
1. Groundwater Investigation (Feasibility Study)
Data Research – GW Reports (BMGS) & GW Maps (PGWDB)
Well Inventory – Initial Depth and Well Yield w/ pump test
Geo-resistivity Study – Best Well Site Location
Pilot Well Construction - Pumping test

2. Exploratory Investigation (Pre- Engineering)

Exploratory Well Construction
Borehole Logging – Design of Screen & Pump Setting
Pumping Test – Design of Pump (Size, Setting)

3. Production Drilling (Construction)

Design of Well Field - Locating the Wells
(Well Spacing, Clustering of Farms)
5.2 Groundwater Investigation
1. Well Inventory
Purpose of Well Inventory is to be able to plot the static water
level and classify the irrigable area based on the groundwater
potential.

Data to be collected:
1. Well Location / Owner (shown in Map)
2. Static Water Level (SWL) unit in mbgs
3. Borehole or Well Depth
4. Well Casing Diameter and Depth
5. Pump Discharge (Q) and Pump Water Level (PWL)
6. Irrigable Area and Crop Yield
5.2 Groundwater Investigation
2. GEO-RESISTIVITY SURVEY
• Used to determine the underlying
rock profile
• Similar to drilling a well but
instead electric current is used to
measure the resistance of the
rock.
• Point of measurement is called
VES (Vertical Electric Sounding)
Point. Several VES points are
needed to map the area.
• The electrode wires are spread
apart and the distance divided by
3 is the apparent depth of
measurement.
• The cost per VES point is about
20,000 pesos plus mobilization
cost.
 2. GEO-RESISTIVITY SURVEY Material Resistivity -m
• Resistivity data for each VES point is Wet to moist clayey soil and wet clay 1s to 10s
analyzed using a set of curves or a Wet to moist silty soil and silty clay Low 10s
computer model to determine the rock Wet to moist silty and sandy soils 10s to 100s
layer based on the resistivity values. Sand and gravel with layers of silt Low 1000s
• The modern geo-resistivity equipment can Coarse dry sand and gravel deposits High 1000s
measure series of point all at once and Well-fractured to slightly fractured
100s
plot the ground cross-section. rock with moist-soil-filled cracks
Slightly fractured rock with dry, soil-
• Can aid in determining the well location filled cracks
Low 1000s
and depth but no information on water Massively bedded rock High 1000s
depth or discharge.
5.2 Groundwater Investigation
Water Diviner or Witching
True or Not (Possible)
Sensitive to anomalies in the electric
discharge of the earth.
Flowing groundwater will generate
electric current.
Must have local knowledge on
groundwater presence.
Mostly religious persons or with high
spiritual consciousness
5.2 Groundwater Investigation
3. Pilot Well Construction
• Necessary when there is no existing or nearby STW
• Cheaper than Geo-resistivity survey and faster to
undertake cover small sample area.
• STW can be used for potable water supply.
• Provide more information:
• Types of rock formation with corresponding
depth and conditions (texture, grain size, etc.)
• Static water level
• Pumping test data to give the yield and
drawdown.
• Water quality data
 5.3 Groundwater Analyses and Design
Pumping Test Data
DESIGN OF STW
Well Well Pump Static Draw- Specific Depth of
1. Classify service area by NO. Location Discharge W.Level down Capacity Well
GW potential based on 1 La Paz
(lps)
16.0
(mbgs)
1.56
(m)
2.0
(lps/m)
8.0
(m)
10
SWL and Sp. Cap. Data. 2 La Paz 16.0 1.61 2.8 5.8 10
3 La Paz 16.0 2.30 1.4 11.8 18
2. Determine available NPSH 4 La Paz 16.0 0.32 4.6 3.5 18
of centrifugal pump 5 La Paz 16.0 0.77 2.8 5.8 18
6 La Paz 16.0 1.92 1.6 9.8 10
3. Set the design SWL 7 La Paz 16.0 1.30 2.4 6.6 18
1 San Isidro 16.0 2.12 2.08 7.7 10
4. Compute STW discharge 2 San Isidro 15.0 2.73 0.9 16.1 10
3 San Isidro 16.0 0.52 2.7 6.0 18
Q = SpCap x (NPSH – SWL) 4 San Isidro 15.0 2.70 1.0 15.3 10
5 San Isidro 16.0 2.28 1.34 11.9 10
5. Check less than Max. Well 6 San Isidro 15.0 2.75 0.89 16.9 10
capacity for 4” dia. Casing. 7 San Isidro 16.0 2.60 1.1 15.2 10
1 Linusungan 16.0 0.90 2.7 5.9 18
6. Determine service area per 2 Linusungan 16.0 1.91 1.7 9.4 12
1 Linasin 16.0 0.48 3.4 4.7 18
STW assuming an 18 hrs 2 Linasin 16.0 0.80 2.73 5.9 18
operation during critical 3 Linasin 16.0 1.70 1.78 9.0 10
period. 4 Linasin 16.0 2.37 1.16 13.8 18
5 Linasin 17.0 1.88 0.89 19.1 18
7. Determine STW spacing. 1 Burgos 15.0 0.60 3.02 5.0 10
Type 1 Area 2.4 m 12.7 lps/m
Type 2 Area 1.1 m 6.7 lps/m
5.3 Groundwater Analyses and Design
Step 2 : Compute available NPSH
Check the allowed Gross Suction Lift of Pump

Gross Suction Lift =9.00 m

Pump Performance Data
Pump Specific Speed (Nss) =1200 rpm For Kubuta Pump 4" dia - 6 HP
Pump Speed (Np) = 1400 rpm Q RPM TDH
11.8 1000 5
Available NPSH =10.33 - Gross Suction Lift 15.4 1300 8
= 1.7 m 21.1 1750 14

Required NPSH =(Np x Q ^ 0.5 / Nss) ^ 4/3

= 1.2 m

Available NPSH should be 1.3 times greater than Required NPSH

1.7 m > 1.3 x 1.2 m Passed

Compute Net Suction Life (NPSH)

Max. Suction Lift =9.00 m Q= 16 lps

Est. Head loss (4" dia pipe) =3/100 x (9+ equi elbow of 3.6) = 0.38 m
Net Suction Lift = 8.62 m

Use to prevent break suction from happening.

5.3 Groundwater Analyses and Design
Step 3 – 6 : Compute SWL, Well Discharge, Well Service Area, No. of STW
I Design Pump Discharge
TYPE 1 AREA TYPE 2 AREA
Wet Season Wet Season

SWL = 2.4 + 1.0 = 3.4 m SWL = 1.1 + 1.0 = 2.1 m

Q= Sp. Cap (NPSH-SWL) Q= Sp. Cap (NPSH-SWL)
= 12.7 ( 8.62 - 3.4 ) = 66.7 lps = 6.7 ( 8.62 - 2.1 ) = 43.4 lps
Dry Season Dry Season

SWL = 2.4 + 2.0 = 4.4 m SWL = 1.1 + 2.0 = 3.1 m

Sp. Cap= 12.7 lps/m Sp. Cap= 6.7 lps/m
= 12.7 ( 8.6 - 4.4 ) = 54.0 lps = 6.7 ( 8.6 - 3.1 ) = 36.7 lps

Max. well Output for 4" dia. pipe Max. well Output for 4" dia. pipe

Q= A V = 0.008 X 2 m/sec X 1000 Q= A V = 0.008 X 2 m/sec X 1000

= 16 lps = 16 lps

Adopt Q= 16.0 lps Adopt Q= 16.0 lps

2 Well Service Area and Number of Wells

Well SA =16.0 lps X 16 hrs of Operation

2.92 lps/ha 24 hrs per day

Well SA = 3.65 ha say 4.00 ha

No of Wells = Total Service Area / Well SA

= 221.00 ha/ 4.00 ha
= 56 Wells Say 60 Wells
5.3 Groundwater Analyses and Design
Step 7: Determine STW Spacing

Water Balance Analyses

Annual Water Requirement = 713 mm

Annual Average Rainfall = 2388 mm

Est. GW Recharge = 15% x Ave. Rainfall

Est. GW Recharge358 = mm
Ratio of Service Area to Recharge Area Water
= Reqt / GW Recharge
= 713 mm / 358 mm
= 2.0
Est. Recharge Area per Well Ratio
= X Well Service Area
= 4.00 ha X 2.0
= 9 ha
Required Well Spacing = 337.7 m SAY 300 m
(equivalent radius of SA)
 I. Pumping Test Data

Well Pump Static Draw- Specific Depth of

Number Discharge W.Level down Capacity Well
(cumec) (mbgs) (m) (lps/m) (m)
102 4.0 5.5 2.1 1.9 16

Use : Specific Capacity : 1.90 lps

Cone of Influence

Alternative Method for Step 4 in Type of Well :

Depth of Well:
STW
16.0 m
computing Design Discharge Well Diameter : 0.010 m
Dia. of Cone of Influence:200 m Draw down
H - Depth
of Aquifer
using the aquifer permeability Static Water Level :
Well Drawdown:
5.5 m
2.1 m
Penetratio

using pumping test data.

Compute the permeability of Phreatic Aquifer

Q = K ( 3.14) ( H 2 - h2) / (ln ( R / r ) ) solve for K,

K = Q (ln ( R/r ) ) / 3.14 / ( H2 - h2 )
1.Determine the permeability. K = 4.0 x 86.4 x ln ( 200 / 0.01 )
3.14 x ( 10.50 ^2 - 8.40 ^2 )
2.Assume a diameter of cone of II.
K = 12 m/day
Design Well Discharge
Adopt : 12 m/day

influence = 300 meters and 1) Compute Wet Season Discharge

SWL. Design Well Depth : 22.0 m Dia. of Cone of Influence : 300 m
Static Water Level : 4.0 m Design Well Diameter : 0.010 m
3.Compute well discharge as, Max Suction Head: 7.2 m Max Drawdown : 3.2 m

Q = K ( 3.14) ( H 2 - h2) / (ln ( R / r ) )

2 2
Q = K x 3.14 x (H - h ) Q= 12
ln (
x 3.14 x (18.00 ^2 -
300 m / 0.01 )
14.80 ^2 )

(ln (R/r)) Q= 883 cu.m/day = 10.2 lps

2) Compute Dry Season Discharge

Static Water Level : 5.5 m Max Drawdown : 1.7 m

Q = K ( 3.14) ( H 2 - h2) / (ln ( R / r ) )

Q= 12 x 3.14 x (16.50 ^2 - 14.80 ^2 )
ln ( 300.0 m / 0.01 )
Q= 448 cu.m/day = 5.2 lps
5.4 Locating STW and Farm Clustering
PROCEDURE IN PREPARING THE GW POTENTIAL AREA BASED
ON OBSERVED STATIC WATER LEVELS (WELL INVENTORY)

1. Use the well inventory data on SWL

2. Plot the all well locations on a scaled map and using the
observed value of the SWL, determine groundwater elevations.
3. Draw the groundwater contour map (water table map)
4. Superimposed the topographic map.
5. Determine the depth of the SWL at several grid locations
6. Using the grid depth values, draw the SWL map.
7. Classify the irrigable area based on the SWL;
Good (1-4 m), Moderate (4 to 7 m), Poor (more than 7 m).
GW POTENTIAL AREAS
 5.4 Locating STW and Farm Clustering
PROCEDURE FOR FARM CLUSTERING AND LOCATING THE STW
1. Cluster the adjacent farms to create a farmer’s group with total
service area less than the design service area of a pump unit.
2. Limit the number of farmers to 5 members per group to allow the
use of the pump on a weekly cycle.
3. For a single farm with area more than the design service area, try to
at least cluster it with a smaller farm. Otherwise, assign as one
cluster with one STW and one pump regardless whether it is several
size bigger than the design service area per STW.
4. When the member/members of a cluster is separated by a road,
river, vacant lot or a non-beneficiary or the distance of the farm to
the STW is more than 100 meters, assign additional STW but just
the same, only one pump per cluster.
5. The STW should be placed with a spacing of 100 meter (minimum)
but preferably over 200 meters apart.
6. The STW should be located between two members and accessible
to the road to facilitate the construction and installation.
 San Marcelino PCIP
Brgy. Burgos, San Marcelino, Zambales
Table of Farm Clusters
No. of
Table of Farm CLUST
ER NO. LOT NO. NAME OF FARMER
LOT AREA
(ha)
Cluster
Area (ha)
No. of
STW
Pump
Set

Clusters of Brgy. 1
5080
5081
5082
Marie Dumlao
Freddie Renojo
Geradio Antonio
0.3063
0.4852
0.4609
2.1011 1 1

Burgos 5083
5090
Richard Ordillas
Artemio Fernandez
0.8486
0.5784
5091 Isaac Renojo 0.5290
2 5092 Philip Dumendedn 0.5037 3.4018 1 1
5093 Agustina Gonzales 1.3702
Design Clustered Area 5094 M. Napano 0.4205
per STW = 5095
5096
Agustina Gonzales
Agustina Gonzales
0.3500
0.4211
Max of 4 hectares 3 5097 Danny Esteban 0.4401 2.0812 1 1
5098 Ildefonso Inocencio 0.3993
5099 Dionisio Renojo 0.4706

Max of 5 member per 5100

5101
Dante Fababier
Ildefonso Inocencio
0.4102
0.2039
STW 4 5102
5103
Eric Ilao
Conrado Dele Cruz
0.1426
1.0527
2.7228 1 1

5104 Isaac Renojo 0.9134

5038 Philip Dumenden 0.2198
Spacing of STW > 100 5039 Recto Paje 1.7039 3.4333 2 1
5
m, preferably 200 m. 5057
5061
Wilmar Bonifacio
Alberto Ballon
1.1176
0.3920
5066 Rex Fabunan 0.5521
6 5067 Rey Ladringan 0.9871 2.9891 1 1
5068 Rey Ladringan 1.4499

7 5106 Gamie Asanion 2.4986 2.4986 1 1

Total 19.2279 8 7
FARM CLUSTERING AND STW LOCATION MAP
 End of Presentation

GROUNDWATER
IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Orientation and Workshop on FSR Preparation

Naga City, October 18-22, 2010