PATTERNS AND

NUMBERS IN NATURE
AND THE WORLD
PATTERN
Define as:
 Regular
 Repeated
 Recurring forms of designs
 Identifying relationships
 Find logical connections to form generalizations
 Can help to make predictions

Natural Patterns include symmetries trees,

spirals, meanders, waves, foams,
tessellations cracks and stripes.
PATTERNS IN NATURE

Fractal/ Trees
PATTERNS IN NATURE

Tesellation
PATTERNS IN NATURE

Foams
PATTERNS IN NATURE

Cracks

Waves
Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?
Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?
Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?
Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?
Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?
Which of the figures can be used to continue the series given below?
SYMMETRY
Symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across
an object and the resulting parts are mirror images of each other.

EXAMPLES
 Butterfly
 Leonardo da Vinci’s Virtuvian Man
 Starfish
TYPES OF SYMMETRY

1. Bilateral Symmetry
The butterfly is symmetrical about the axis indicating by the
line.

Note that the left and right portions are exactly the same.
TYPES OF SYMMETRY

2. Rotational Symmetry
Depends on the numbers of sides and faces that are
symmetrical.

Note that if you rotate the starfish, you can still achieve the
same appearance as the original position.

It has five-fold symmetry.

 The smallest measure of angle that a figure can be rotated

while still preserving the original position is called the angle
of rotation.

 A more common way of describing rotational symmetry is by

order of rotation.
Order of Rotation
A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n (n-fold rotational
symmetry) if of a complete turn leaves the figure unchanged. To
compute for the angle of rotation, we use the following formula.

Angle of rotation =
Angle of Rotation

Example:
The pattern on the snowflake repeat six times, indicating that there
is a 6-fold symmetry. Using the formula.

n=6

Angle of rotation = = = 60
HONEY COMB
Why bees used hexagon in making honeycomb and not any other
polygons?

PACKING PROBLEM
It involve finding the optimum method of filling up a given space
such as a cubic or spherical container.

Square packing Hexagonal packing

Packing Problem
Proof: Suppose you have circles of radius 1 cm, each of which will
have area We are going to fill a plane with these circles using square
packing and hexagonal packing.

Square packing

= = = = 0.7853981625 x 100 = 78.54%

Packing Problem

Hexagonal packing

Area of equilateral triangle

= = = 0.9069 x 100 = 90.69%

Sequence
An ordered list of numbers called terms, that may have repeated values.
The arrangement of these terms is set by some definite rule.

a. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ___
b. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ____
c. 13, 20, 27, ____
d. 1, 10, 100, 1000, ____
e. 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 18, ____
Tiger’s Stripes and Hyena’s Spot

 Patterns exhibited in the external appearances of animals. The tiger

looks and hyenas spot. These seemingly random designs are believed
to be governed by mathematical equation.

 According to the theory of Allan Turing the chemical factors in the

cell determine growth patterns, and influence factors like hair color.
There are two chemical process: reaction and diffusion.
Sunflower
Looking at a sunflower, there is a definite pattern of clockwise and
counterclockwise arc of spirals extending outward from the center of
the flower.
Snail’s Shell
As the snails grown, their shells also expand also expand
proportionally. This process results in a refined spiral structure, it is
called as equiangular spiral.
Flower Petals
 Flowers are easily considered as things of beauty.
 Flowers with the five petals are said to be the most common.
 Number of petals are all Fibonacci numbers.
POPULATION GROWTH
Mathematics used to model population growth the formula

Where;
A – is the size of the population after it grows
P – is the initial number of people
e – Euler’s constant with approximately value of 2.718
r – rate of growth
t – time (in years)
Example 1
The exponential growth model describes the population of a city
in the Philippines in thousands, t years after 1995. What was the
population of the city in 1995?

A=
A = 30(1)
A = 30
Therefore, 30,000 population in 1995.
Example 2
We need to find A for the year 2017. To find t, we subtract 2017
and 1995 to get t=22, which we then plug in to our exponential growth
model.

A=
A = 30(1.55271)
A = 46.5813
Therefore, the city population would be about 46,581 in 2017.
Exercise

1. P = 680,000
r = 12%
t = 8 years
Formulas

Population growth

Population growth in finding initial number of people Population growth in finding t (no. of
years)

Population growth in finding the rate

log
Examples:

1. A = 1,240,000
r=8%
t = 30 years

= = 112,490.26

2. A = 786,000
P = 247,000
t = 17 years

= 0.0681 x 100 = 6.81%

3. A = 731,000
P = 525,600
r = 3%

= = 11 years
 THE FIBONACCI
SEQUENCE AND THE
GOLDEN RATIO
Leonardo of Pisa – Fibonacci

 Fibonacci is the greatest European mathematician of the middle ages.

 Born in 1170 and died in 1240.
 He introduced the Arabic number system in Europe

Origin of Fibonacci Sequence

 Fibonacci Sequence was discovered after an investigation on the reproduction of
rabbits.
Growing Population of Rabbits

Problem: Suppose a newly-born pair of rabbits (one male, one female) are put in a field.
Rabbits are able to mate at the age of one month so that at the end of the second month, a
female can produce another pair of rabbits.
Fibonacci Sequence

 Fibonacci sequence is an integer in the infinite sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, … of which

the first two terms are 1 and 1 and each succeeding term is the sum of the two
immediately preceding.

 Simple rule: add the last two to get the next.

How many pairs will be there in one year?

 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, ….
 So 144 pairs will be there at the end of one year.
Fibonacci Sequence in Nature
Fibonacci Sequence in Nature
Fibonacci Sequence in Nature
The Golden Ratio
 The golden ratio is often denoted by the Greek letter (phi)
 This is approximately equal to 1.618
 The golden ration can be expressed as the ratio between two numbers.
The Golden Ratio in Nature
2 Types of Mathematical Sequence

Arithmetic Sequence

Geometric Sequence
Examples:
1. Find the of the sequence 2, 6, 10, 14, …

Given:
=2
d=4
n= 10

2. Find the of the sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, …

Given:
=3
r=2
n = 10
Exercise

1. Find the term of the sequence given the first 3 terms 2, 6, 10.

2. Find the term of the sequence given the 3 terms 2, 6, 18.

Mathematical Language
and Symbol: Introduction
Language

 Is a systematic way of communication with other people use of sounds or

conventions symbols.

 Language was invented to communicate ideas to others.

 The language of mathematics was designed numbers, sets, functions,

perform operation.
Symbols commonly used in Mathematics

1. The ten digits: 0, 1, 2, … 9

2. Operations: +, - , x,

3. Sets:

4. Variables: a, b, c, x and y

5. Special symbols: =, <, > , ,

6. Logic symbol: ~,

7. Set Notation: N, W, Z, Q, R, C

Q- terminating and repeating decimal (ex. 1.75, 2.5)

Q’ – non terminating and non repeating (ex. 1.3333333333…)
Symbols commonly used in Mathematics

1. The ten digits: 0, 1, 2, … 9

2. Operations: +, - , x,

3. Sets:

4. Variables: a, b, c, x and y

5. Special symbols: =, <, > , ,

6. Logic symbol: ~,

7. Set Notation: N, W, Z, Q, R, C
The Grammar of Mathematics

 The mathematical notation used for formulas has its own grammar, not
dependent on a specific natural language, but shared internationally by
mathematicians regardless of their mother tongue.
Characteristics of the Mathematics Language

 Precise – is able to make every fined distinction or definition.

 Concise – you able to say things briefly.

 Powerful – able to express complex thoughts with relative ease.

Difficulties

 The word “is” could mean equality, inequality, or member in a set.

 Different use of number (cardinal, ordinal, nominal, ratio)

 Mathematical objects may be represented in many ways such as sets and

functions.

 The word “and” and “or” mean differently in mathematics from its English
use.
Mathematical Language
and Symbol: Variable
Variables

 It is represented by a letter, like x or y.

 A symbol for value we don’t know yet.

Advantage of Using Variable
 It allows you to give a temporary name to what you are seeking so that you
can perform concrete computations with it to help discover its possible
values.

Example:
Is there a number with following property:
Doubling it and adding 3 gives the same result as squaring it?

Answer:
“Is there a number x with the property that ?

To illustrate the second use of variables, consider the statement:

No matter what number might be chosen, if it is greater than 2, then its
square is greater than 4.
 Introducing a variable to give a temporary name to the number you
might choose enables you to the number might choose enables you to
maintain the generality of the statement.

“Is there a number x with the property that ?

No matter what number might be chosen, if it is greater than 2, then its

square is greater than 4.

No matter what number x might be chosen, if x greater than 2, then is

greater than 4.
WRITING SENTENCES USING VARIABLES
 Use variables to rewrite the following sentences more formally.

1. Are there numbers with the property that the sum of their squares
equal the square of their sum?

Ans:
 Are there number x and y with the property + = .
 Are there number x and y such that + = .
 Do there exist any number x and y such that + =
WRITING SENTENCES USING VARIABLES
 Use variables to rewrite the following sentences more formally.

2. Given any real number, its square is nonnegative.

Ans:
 Given any real number r, is nonnegative
 For any real number r, 0.
 For all real number r, 0
Some Important Kinds of Mathematical statements

 Universal Statement – says that a certain property is true for all elements
in a set. “For all”, “For each”, “For every”

Example: All positive numbers are greater than zero

 Conditional Statement – says if one thing is true then some other thing
also has to be true. “ If-then”

Example: If 378 is divisible by 18, then 378 is divisible by 6

 Existential Statement – says that there is at least one thing for which the
property is true.

Example: There is a prime number that is even

Universal Conditional Statements
A statement that is both universal and conditional.

Example: For all animals x, if x is a dog, then x is a mammal.

Universal Statement
1. for all dogs x, x is a mammal.
2. All dogs are mammal.

Conditional Statement
1. If x is a dog, then x is a mammal.
2. If an animal is a dog, then the animal is a mammal.
Rewriting a Universal Conditional Statement
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:

For all real number , if is nonzero then is positive.

1. If a real number is nonzero, then its square is positive.

2. For all nonzero real number , is positive.

3. If is nonzero real number, then is positive.

4. The square of any nonzero real number is positive.

5. All nonzero real number have positive squares.

Rewriting a Universal Conditional Statement
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:

For all real number , if is nonzero then is positive.

1. If a real number is nonzero, then its square is positive.

2. For all nonzero real number , is positive.

3. If is nonzero real number, then is positive.

4. The square of any nonzero real number is positive.

5. All nonzero real number have positive squares.

Universal Existential Statements
A statement that is universal because its first part says that a certain
property is true for all objects of a given type, and it is existential because its
second part asserts the existence of something.

Example: Every real number has an additive inverse.

 All real numbers have additive inverses.

 For all real numbers r, there us an additive inverse for r.

 For all real number r, there is a real number s such that s is an additive
inverse.
Rewriting a Universal Existential Statements
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:

Every pot has a lid.

1. All pots have lid.

2. For all pots P, there is a lid for P.

3. For all pots, there is a lid L such that L is a lid for P.

Existential Universal Statements
A statement that is existential because its first part asserts that a certain
object exists and is universal because its second part says that the object
satisfies a certain property for all things of a certain kind.

Example:
There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every positive
integer.
Rewriting a Existential Universal Statement
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:

There is a person in my class who is at least as old as every person in my

class.

1. Some person in my class, is at least as old as every person in my class.

2. There is a person p in my class that p is at least as old as every person in my

class.

3. There is a person p in my class with the property that for every person q in
my class, p is at least as old as q.
Mathematical Language
and Symbol: The
Language of Sets
SET
• Is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.

• It usually represented by capital letters.

• The objects of a set are separated by commas.

• The objects in that belong in a set are the elements, or members of the
set.
• It can be represented by listing element between braces.

• A set is said to be well-defined if the elements in a set are specifically

listed.

Examples:
NOTATION
If is a set, the notation
 means that x is an element of
 means that x is not an element of .

A variation of notation is used to describe a very large set.

 {1, 2,3,…, 100} refer to set of all integers from 1 to 100
 {1, 2, 3,…,} refer to set of all positive integers.

The symbol … is called an ellipses and is read “and so forth”

Using the Set – Roster Notation
A set may be separated using the set-roster notation by writing all
elements between braces.

Example
Let , , and What are the element A, B, and C? How are A, B, and C
related?

A, B, C have exactly the same elements, 1, 2, 3. Therefore A, B, C are

simply represented in different ways.

Q: is {0}= 0?

{0} because {0} is a set with one element, namely 0, whereas 0 is just
the symbol that represents the number zero.
Using the Set – Roster Notation
A set may be separated using the set-roster notation by writing all
elements between braces.

Example
1. How many elements are in the set {1{1}}?
The set {1,{1}} has two elements: 1 and the set whose only
element is 1.

2. For each nonnegative integer n, let . Find .

Cartesian Sets of Numbers
Some important sets are the following:

1. N = {1, 2, 3,…} the set of natural numbers

2. W = {0, 1, 2, 3,..} the set of whole numbers

3. Z ={-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,..} the set of integers

4. Q the set of rational numbers (terminating or repeating decimals)

5. Q’ the set of irrational numbers (non-terminating, non

repeating decimals)

6. R the set of real numbers

7. C the set of complex numbers

Cartesian Sets of Numbers
Some important sets are the following:

1. N = {1, 2, 3,…} the set of natural numbers

2. W = {0, 1, 2, 3,..} the set of whole numbers

3. Z ={-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,..} the set of integers

4. Q the set of rational numbers (terminating or repeating decimals)

5. Q’ the set of irrational numbers (non-terminating, non

repeating decimals)

6. R the set of real numbers

7. C the set of complex numbers

Set-Builder Notation
Let denote and let be a property that elements of may or may not
satisfy. We define a new set to be the set of all element in S such that is
true. We denote this set as follows:
Using the Set-Builder Notation
Given that R the set of all real numbers, Z the set of all integers, the set
of all positive integers, describe the following sets.

is the open interval of real numbers (strictly) between -2 and 5.

2.
is the set of all integers (strictly) between -2 and 5. It is equal to the set {-
1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}

3.
Since all the integers in are positive, = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Definitions Regarding Sets
A set is finite if the number of elements is countable.

Examples:
A = {even numbers less than 10}
B = { days in a week}

A set is infinite if the number of elements cannot be counted.

Examples:
A = {even numbers greater than 20}
B= {odd number}
C = {stars in the sky}
Equal and Equivalent Sets

Equal Sets – are set with exactly the same elements and cardinality.
Example:
A = {c, a, r, e}
B = {r, a, c, e}

Equivalent sets are set with the same number of elements or cardinality.
Example:
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Joint and Disjoint Sets

Joint sets are set with common elements (intersection)

Example:
A = {c, a, r, e}
B = {b, e, a, r, s}

Disjoint sets are set with no common elements.

Example:
The set A = {a, b, c} and B={e, f, g} are disjoint sets, since no elements is
common.
Universal Set
The set of all elements. We will use the letter U to denote universal set.

Example:
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5, 5} then the universal set U is U= {1, 2, 3, 4,
5}.

The empty set or null set is the set that contains no elements. The
symbol
or { } is represent the empty set.

Example:
A = {days start with letter L}
B={triangle with 4 sides}
Subsets
If A and B are sets, then A is called a subset of B, written A B if and only if,
every element of A is also an element B.

A B means that For all elements x, is x A then x B.

Symbolically:
The phrases A is contained in B and B contains A are alternative ways of
saying that A is a subset of B.

A means that there is at least one element x such that x A then x B.

Proper Subset
Let A and B be sets, A is a proper subset of B, if, and only if, every element of
B is in B but there is a least one element of B that is not in A.

Example:
Let A = , B = and C = {100, 200, 300, 400, 500}. Evaluate the truth and
falsity of each of the following statements.

1. B A False. Zero is not a positive integer. Thus zero is in B but zero is not in A, and B A .
2. C is a proper subset of A
3. C and B have at least one element in common. True. For example 100, is in both C and B.
4. C B False. For Example, 200 is in C but not in B.
5. C C True. Every element in C is in C. In general, the definition of subset implies that all sets are
subsets of themselves.
Distinction between and
Which of the following are true statements.

1. 2 {1, 2, 3}
2. {2} {1, 2, 3}
3. 2 {1, 2, 3}
4.{2} {1, 2, 3}
5. {2} {{1}, {2}}
6. {2} {{1},{2}}

Only 1, 4, and 6 are true.

Ordered Pair
Given elements a and b, the symbol (a, b) denotes the ordered pair consisting
of a and b together with the specification that a is the first element of the pair and
b is the second element. Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are equal if, and only
if, a = c and b = d. Symbolically
(a, b) = (c, d) means that a = c and b = d.

Is (1, 2) = (2, 1)
No, by definition of equality of ordered pairs.

Is (3,
Yes, by definition of equality of ordered pairs.

What is the first element of (1, 1)

In the ordered pair (1, 1) the first and the second elements are both 1.
Cartesian Product
Given sets A and B, the cartesian product of A and B, denoted A x B and read
“A times B” is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a is in A and b is in B.
Symbolically:

A x B = {(a, b)|a A and b B}

Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {u, v}

Find A x B A x B = {(1, u), (2, u), (3, u), (1, v), (2, v), (3, v)
Find B x A B x A = {(u, 1), (u, 2), (u, 3), (v, 1), (v, 2), (v, 3)
Find B x B B x B = {(u, u), (u, v), (v, u), (v, v)}

How many elements are in A x B, B x A and B x B?

A x B has six elements, B x A has six elements and B x B has four elements.
Operations on sets

Intersection sets A and B, written A B, is the set containing the elements that
are in both A and B.

Example: A B
A ={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} 3
5
7
A B = {3, 5, 7}
Operations on sets

Intersection sets A and B, written A B, is the set containing the elements that
are in both A and B.

Example: A B
A ={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8}
1
A B = {1}
Union of Sets
The union of sets A and B, written A B is the set of all elements that are in
A, or in B, or in both A and B.

Example:
A = {1, 3, 5, 7}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4}

A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
Complement of Sets
The complement of a set A, written A’ is the set of elements in the
universal set that are not in A.

Example:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A = {2, 4}
B = {2, 3, 4}
C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
D = {}

A’= {1, 3, 5}
B’ = {1, 5}
C’ = { }
D’ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Difference of two Sets

Example:
A = {1, 2, 4, 5}
B = {2, 3, 5}
C = {1, 3, 5}
D = {2, 4, 5}

1. A – B = {1, 4}
2. B – A = {3}
3. A – C = {2,4}
4. D–A={}
Mathematical Language
and Symbol: The
Language of Relations
and Functions
Relation

Relations abound in daily life. People are related to each other in many
ways as parents and children, teachers and students, employers and
employees, and many others. In business things that are bought are related
to their cost and the amount paid is related to the number of things bought.
Relation
A relation is a rule that relates values form a set of value (called the
domain) to a second set of values (called the range).

The elements of the domain can be imagines as input to a machine that

applies a rule to these inputs to generate one or more outputs.

A relation is also a set of ordered pair (x, y)

Example:

R = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3,6), (4, 8), (5, 10)}

Relation as a Subset
Let A = {1, 2}, and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R form A to B as
follows: Given any (x, y) A x B, (x, y) R means that is an integer.

1. State explicit which ordered pairs are in A x B and which are in R.

2. Is 1 R 3? Is 2 R 3? Is 2 R 2?
3. What are the domain and range of R.
Relation as a Subset
Let A = {1, 2}, and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R form A to B as
follows: Given any (x, y) A x B, (x, y) R means that is an integer.

1. State explicit which ordered pairs are in A x B and which are in R.

A x B = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3)}

(1, 1) R because
(1, 2) R because -
(1, 3) R because
(2, 1) R because Thus, R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2,
2)}
(2, 2) R because
(2, 3) R because -
Relation as a Subset
Let A = {1, 2}, and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R form A to B as
follows: Given any (x, y) A x B, (x, y) R means that is an integer.

2. Is 1 R 3? Is 2 R 3? Is 2 R 2?

(1, 1) R because
(1, 2) R because -
(1, 3) R because Yes, 1 R 3 because (1,3) R
(2, 1) R because No, 2 R 3 because (2, 3) R
(2, 2) R because Yes, 2 R 2 because (2, 2) R
(2, 3) R because -
Relation as a Subset
Let A = {1, 2}, and B = {1, 2, 3} and define a relation R form A to B as
follows: Given any (x, y) A x B, (x, y) R means that is an integer.

3. What are the domain and range of R?

The domain of R is (1, 2) and the range is {1, 2, 3}
Function
A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to
only one value in the range by some rule.

The elements of the domain can be imagine as input to a machine that

applies a rule so that each input corresponds to only one output.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no two ordered pairs
have the same x-value but different y-values.
Function can be represented in different ways

• A table of values

• Ordered pairs
{(-3, 5), (-2, -7), (0,4), (1, -1), (2, 3)}

• Graph

• An equation
y = 3x - 4
Which of the following relations are functions?

Function

Not a Function

Function
Which of the following mapping diagrams represent functions?
The Vertical Line Test

• A graph represents a function if only of each vertical line intersects the

graph at most once.
Which of the following represents a function?

y = 2x + 1 Function

1. y = - 2x +2 Function

2. Not a Function

3. Function

4. y = Function
Evaluating a Function
1. Evaluate at

2. Evaluate at .