FUNCTIONS

A function is a rule that describes how one quantity depends on another.

RELATION
• A relation between two variables x and y is a set of
ordered pairs.
• An ordered pair consists of an x and y.
• X-values are called input, independent variables, or
domain
• Y-values are output, dependent variable or range.
FUNCTION
• A function is a special relation such that every first element
is paired to a unique second element.

• It is a set of ordered pairs with no two pairs having the

same first element.

• A function is a correspondence from a set X of real

numbers x to a set Y of real numbers y, where the number y
is unique for a specific value of x.
DEFINITION: FUNCTION
One-to-one and many-to-one functions

Each value of x maps to only Each value of x maps to only one

one value of y . . . value of y . . .
and each y is mapped from BUT many other x values map to
only one x. that y.
One-to-one and many-to-one functions
a

one-to-one function many-to-one function

One-to-many is NOT a function. It is just a

relation. Thus a function is a relation but not all
relation is a function.

Each value of x maps to only Each value of x maps to only one

one value of y . . . value of y . . .
and each y is mapped from BUT many other x values map to
only one x. that y.
DEFINITION: FUNCTION
• In order to have a function, there must be one value of the
dependent variable (y) for each value of the independent
variable (x).
• Or, there could also be two or more independent variables (x)
for every dependent variable (y). These correspondences are
called one-to-one correspondence and many-to-one
correspondence, respectively.
• Therefore, a function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) in
which no two distinct ordered pairs have the same first number.
DEFINITION: FUNCTION
Ways of Expressing a function
1. Set notation
2. Tabular form
3. Equation
4. Graph
5. Mapping
 Express the function y = 2x;x= 0,1,2,3 in 5 ways.
Example:
 Express the function y = 2x;x= 0,1,2,3 in 5 ways.
Example:
 Express the function y = 2x;x= 0,1,2,3 in 5 ways.
Example:
VERTICAL LINE TEST
DEFINITION: FUNCTION NOTATION
• Letters like f , g , h, F,G,H and the likes are used to designate
functions.

• When we use f as a function, then for each x in the domain of f ,

f ( x ) denotes the image of x under f .

• The notation f ( x ) is read as “ f of x ”.

KINDS OF FUNCTIONS
KINDS OF FUNCTIONS
Evaluating a function
DEFINITION: Domain and Range
• All the possible values of x is called the domain and all the
possible values of y is called the range. In a set of ordered pairs,
the set of first elements and second elements of ordered pairs is
the domain and range, respectively.
DEFINITION: Domain and Range
Theorem 1. The domain of a polynomial function is the set of all
real numbers or (-∞, +∞)
Theorem 2. The domain of is the set of all real numbers satisfying
the inequality f(x)≥0. if n is even integer and that set of all real
numbers if n is odd integer.
Theorem 3. A rational function f is a ration of two polynomials: the
domain of a rational function consists of all values of x such that
the denominator is not equal to zero. f(x)=P(x)/Q(x). Where P and
Q are polynomials.
Example: Identify the domain

𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 +5
Example: Identify the domain
2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 +1
Example: Identify the domain

1
𝑓 (𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 −𝑥
 Identify the domain
Example:
1
2
𝑔 ( 𝑥 )=( 9− 𝑥 )
 Identify the domain
Example:
𝑡
h ( 𝑡 )= 1
( 𝑡 +1 ) 2
Combination of Function
Two functions can be combined in various ways to create
new functions. Given f(x)=2x-3 and g(x)=x^2+1.
Composite Function
Let f and g be functions. The
function is the composite of f with
g. The domain of is the set of all x
in the domain of g such that g(x)
is in the domain of f.
Combination of Function
and
GRAPHING OF FUNCTIONS 1
2 3 2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑥 h ( 𝑥 ) =( 𝑥 )
Assignment 2: Functions
Evaluate each function value.

Identify the domain and range of the following functions.

6. 8. 10.

7. 9.
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
LIMITS
Introduction to limits
3
𝑥 − 1
𝑓 (𝑥 )=
𝑥 −1

x -2 -1 0 1 2
F(x) 3 1 1 ? 7
Definition of the Limit of a Function
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥)= 𝐿
”
𝑥→𝑎

,
.
Estimating a Limit Numerically
Evaluate the function at several x values near 0 and
use the results to estimate the limit

x -0.01 -0.001 -0.0001 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01

1.9949 1.9995 1.9999 2.0000 2.0005 2.0049
F(x) ?
9 0 5 5 0 9
Finding a Limit
Find the limit of f(x) as x approaches 2,
𝑓 (𝑥 )= {
1 , 𝑥 ≠
0 , 𝑥=2
2 g ( 𝑥)= 1
{, 𝑥 ≠
2 , 𝑥=2
2
Finding a Limit Graphically
Use the graph of y=f(x) in the figure to determine the following limits

lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑥→1

lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑥→2

lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥)
𝑥→3
Limits That Fail to Exist
Common types of behavior associated with
nonexistence of a Limit
1. f(x) approaches a different number from the right
side of c than it approaches from the left side.
2. f(x) increases or decreases without bound as x
approaches c.
3. f(x) oscillates between two fixed values as x
approaches c.
Limits That Fail to Exist
Different Right and
Left Behavior

Unbounded Behavior
Limits That Fail to Exist
Oscillating Behavior
Properties of Limits
Theorem 1.1 Some Basic Limits
Let b and c be real numbers, and let n be a positive integer.

𝑛 𝑛
1. lim 𝑏= 𝑏 2. lim 𝑥=𝑐 3. lim 𝑥 =𝑐
𝑥 →𝑐 𝑥→ 𝑐 𝑥→ 𝑐

2 2
lim 3 =3 lim 𝑥 =− 4 lim 𝑥 =2 = 4
𝑥→2 𝑥 → −4 𝑥→ 2
Properties of Limits
Theorem 1.2 Properties of Limits
Let b and c be real numbers, and let n be a positive integer, and let f
and g be functions with the limits.
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥)= 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥)=𝑘
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥 →𝑐

1. Scalar Multiple :

2. Sum or Difference:
3. Product :
Properties of Limits
Theorem 1.2 Properties of Limits
Let b and c be real numbers, and let n be a positive integer, and let f
and g be functions with the limits.
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥)= 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑔 ( 𝑥)=𝑘
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥 →𝑐

4. Quotient :

5. Power :
Properties of Limits
Find the limit:

19
Properties of Limits
Theorem 1.3 Limits of Polynomial and Rational Functions
If p is a polynomial function and c is a real number, then

lim 𝑝 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑝 (𝑐 )
𝑥 →𝑐

If r is a rational function given by r(x)=p(x)/q(x) and c is a real

number such that q(x)=/0, , then

𝑝 (𝑐 )
lim 𝑟 ( 𝑥 )=𝑟 ( 𝑐 ) =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑞 (𝑐 )
Properties of Limits
Find the limit:

19
Properties of Limits
Find the limit:

19
Properties of Limits
Theorem 1.4 The Limit of a Function Involving a Radical
Let n be a positive integer. The limit below is valid for all c when n is
odd, and is valid for c>0 when n is even.

lim √ 𝑥 =√ 𝑐
𝑛 𝑛

𝑥 → 𝑐
Properties of Limits
Theorem 1.4 The Limit of a Composite Function
If f and g are functions such that and

lim 𝑓 (𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) )= 𝑓 ¿
𝑥 →𝑐
Properties of Limits
Find the limit:
Properties of Limits
Find the limit:
Properties of Limits
Theorem 1.6 Limits of Trigonometric Functions
Let c be a real number in the domain of the given trigonometric function
lim 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 lim cot 𝑥=cot 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 lim 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 =sec 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥=𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐 lim csc 𝑥=csc 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
A Strategy for Finding Limits
1. Learn to recognize which limits can be evaluated by direct
substitution. (These limits are listed in Theorems 1.1 to 1.6)
2. When the limit of f(x) as x approaches c cannot be evaluated
by direct substitution, try to find a function g that agrees with f
for all x other than x=c. [Choose g such that the limit of g(x)
can be evaluated by direct substitution. Then apply Theorem
1.7 to conclude that analytically that
3. Use a graph or table to reinforce your conclusion.
A Strategy for Finding Limits
A Strategy for Finding Limits
A Strategy for Finding Limits
Special Limits
Special Limits
Special Limits
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
PRACTICE EXERCISE
PRACTICE EXERCISE
lim √ 𝑥−2
𝑥→4 𝑥 −4

x 3.9 3.99 3.999 4 4.001 4.01 4.1

f(x)
One-Sided Limits

lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝐿
−
𝑥→𝑎
The left hand limit of f(x) as x approaches “a” is equal to L
or
The Limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the left is equal to L
That is if we make the values of f(x) arbitrarily close to L by
taking x to be sufficiently close to a and x less than a.
One-Sided Limits

lim ¿
+¿
𝑥→𝑎 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝐿¿

The right hand limit of f(x) as x approaches “a” is equal to L

or
The Limit of f(x) as x approaches a from the right is equal to L
That is if we make the values of f(x) arbitrarily close to L by taking x to
be sufficiently close to a and x less than a.
One-Sided Limits
The vertical line x = a is called a vertical asymptote
of the curve y = f(x) if at least one of the following
statements is true:
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= ∞ lim ¿
+¿
𝑥→𝑎 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =∞ ¿
𝑥→𝑎

lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=− ∞ lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=− ∞

−
𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎
One-Sided Limits
The vertical line x = a is called a vertical asymptote of the curve y = f(x)
if at least one of the following statements is true:
One-Sided Limits
One-Sided Limits
One-Sided Limits
One-Sided Limits
Limits at infinity: horizontal asymptote
Limits at infinity: horizontal asymptote

Consider the function f(x)=(x+4)/(x+1). Complete the

table of values below. What value does f(x) approach as
x increases without bound?
X f(x)
1
10
100
1000
1000
0
Theorem on limits at infinity

Let r be any positive interger. then

Limits at infinity: horizontal asymptote
Limits at infinity: horizontal asymptote
Limits at infinity: horizontal asymptote
Limits at infinity: horizontal asymptote
Continuity
Continuity
Informally, you might say that a function is continuous on an open
interval when its graph can be drawn with a pencil without lifting
the pencil from the paper

to say that a function is continuous at means

that there is no interruption in the graph of at c
Definition of Continuity

.
A function f is continuous at c when these three conditions are met.

.
.
Three conditions exist for which the graph of is not continuous atx=c
TYPE OF DISCONTINUITY
Removable Nonremovable Removable
Continuity of a Function
.

c=0

.
Continuity of a Function
.

c=1

.
Continuity of a Function
.

c=0
.

.
Continuity of a Function
.

c=1

.
Example .

.
c=3

.
Example .

.
Example .