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Slide 1 Introduction

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gsingh20be20
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Embedded Systems (UEC 513)

Dr. Shireesh Kumar Rai


Assistant Professor, ECED
Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab
Email: [email protected]
Course Learning Objective (CLO)
On completion of this course, the students will be able to

1. understand ARM processor assembly instructions, their formats


and usage.

2. write ARM processor-based assembly language programs.

3. understand how thumb mode operations are designed and various


coprocessors are interfaced in an embedded system.

4. interface AMBA bus architecture, various HW peripherals in


embedded systems and how memory mapping can be done.

5. understand issues to be handled in any processor software tool


chain for embedded system development especially using C/C+
+.
Text Books
Syllabus
L T P Cr
3 0 2 4

Introduction to Processor Design:

General purpose processor architecture and


organization, Von-Neuman and Harvard architectures,
Processor design trade-offs, CISC and RISC
architectures, Advantages of RISC architecture,
Processor cores: soft and hard.
Syllabus Contd…
ARM Introduction and Pipeline structures: ARM
processor architecture, Endianness, Processor core VS
CPU core, ARM7TDMI Interface signals, Memory
Interface, Bus Cycle types, Register set, Operational
Modes. Instruction Format, ARM Core Data Flow
Model, ARM 3 stage Pipeline, ARM family attribute
comparison. ARM 5 stage Pipeline, Pipeline Hazards,
Data forwarding
Syllabus Contd..

ARM7TDMI assembly instructions and modes: ARM ISA


and Processor Variants, Different Types of Instructions, ARM
Instruction set, condition codes, Load-Store instructions, Data
processing instructions, Shift Operations, Arithmetic, Logical
instructions, Addressing modes. Swap Instructions, Swap
Register related Instructions, Control Flow Instructions,
Interrupts and Exceptions, software Interrupt Instruction,
Assembly Language Programming, Thumb state, Thumb
Programmers model, Thumb Applications, ARM coprocessor
interface and Instructions, Coprocessor Instructions,
Syllabus Contd..

ARM tools and Peripherals: ARM Development


Environment, Arm Procedure Call Standard (APCS), Example
C/C++ programs, Embedded software Development, Image
structure, linker inputs and outputs, Protocols (I2C, SPI),
GPIO, ARM systems with MPU, memory Protection Unit
(MPU). Physical Vs Virtual Memory, Paging, Segmentation.
AMBA Overview, Typical AMBA Based Microcontroller,
AHB bus features, AHB Bus transfers, APB bus transfers, APB
bridge. DMA, Peripherals, Programming Peripherals in ARM.
Evaluation Scheme and Syllabus Coverage

Sr. No. Evaluation Elements Weightage (%)


1 MST 25
2 EST 45
3 Sessionals(Assignments/Projects/,Lab Evaluations) 30

• The whole syllabus will be covered in 35-40 lectures.


Simple Definition of Embedded System
Embedded system: any device that includes a
computer but is not itself a general purpose computer.

Hardware and software: part of some larger systems


and expected to function without human intervention.
Examples
 Personal digital assistant (PDA)

 Printer

 Cell phone

 Automobile

 Television

 Household appliances

 Surveillance systems
Ubiquity of Embedded Systems
 Workplace: Printers, Scanners, Network switches
 Banks: ATM, Passbook printers
 Hospitals: Medical equipments
 Industry: Industrial equipments, automation.
 Agriculture: Drip irrigation, Soil quality instrument
 Supermarkets: POS, scanners
 Defence and spaces: Missiles, rockets, satellites, space probes.
 Transport: Locomotives, cars
 Telecom: Mobile broadband equipment, switches, telephone exchanges
 Entertainment: Projection systems in cinema halls, 4D seats

This slide is borrowed from NPTEL course “Introduction to Embedded System Design” by Dhananjay V Gadre and
(NSUT,Delhi) and Prof. Badri Subudhi (IIT Jammu).
Embedded systems application areas
 Small and single microcontroller applications: Small toys, home gadgets, etc.
 Control and automotive systems: ABS, Cruise controls, etc.
 Distributed embedded control: Networked industrial control applications,
automotive.
 Networking: Network switches, routers
 Critical systems: Nuclear, medical and aviation devices.
 Robotics: Warehouse robots, assembly line robots.
 Computer peripheral applications: Portable HDDs, Printers, Scanners
 Signal Processing: Radar, Security cameras.

This slide is borrowed from NPTEL course “Introduction to Embedded System Design” by Dhananjay V Gadre and
(NSUT,Delhi) and Prof. Badri Subudhi (IIT Jammu).
Examples of embedded systems at home
Communication: Mobile phone, Landline phone, Modem

Entertainment: TV, TV remote, Set-up box, Music system,


Noise cancellation headphones, Digital picture frame.

Convenience: Washing machine, RO water purifier,


Microwave oven, Shaving Razors (Certain kinds)

Comfort: Air conditioner, fancy hot water geyser, Mood


lamps.
This slide is borrowed from NPTEL course “Introduction to Embedded System Design” by Dhananjay V Gadre and
(NSUT,Delhi) and Prof. Badri Subudhi (IIT Jammu).
Examples of embedded systems at home
Health: Treadmill, blood sugar and pressure measurement,
Fitness tracker watches.
• Utilities: Electricity (electronic) meter, RFID tags.
• Transport: Car, Scooter/motorcycles, Electric bicycles

This slide is borrowed from NPTEL course “Introduction to Embedded System Design” by Dhananjay V Gadre and
(NSUT,Delhi) and Prof. Badri Subudhi (IIT Jammu).
Embedded System Definitions
1. An embedded system is a system that has software embedded into
computer-hardware, which makes a system dedicated for an
application (s) or specific part of an application or product or part of
a larger system.
2. An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose software
embedded in a computer hardware.
3. It is a dedicated computer based system for an application(s) or
product. It may be an independent system or a part of large system.
Its software usually embeds into a ROM (Read Only Memory) or
flash.
4. It is any device that includes a programmable computer but is not
itself intended to be a general purpose computer.
5. Embedded Systems are the electronic systems that contain a
microprocessor or a microcontroller, but we do not think of them as
computers– the computer is hidden or embedded in the system.
15 10/21/2024
Constraints of an Embedded system
• Design
• Available system-memory
• Available processor speed
• Limited power dissipation when running the system
continuously in cycles of the system start, wait for
event, wake-up and run, sleep and stop.
• Performance,
• power,
• size,
• non-recurring design cost, and manufacturing costs.
10/21/2024 16
Important considerations for selection a processor

For a system designer, the following are important


considerations when selecting a processor:
• Instruction set.
• Maximum bits in an operand (8 or 16 or 32 or 64) in
a single arithmetic or logical operation.
• Clock frequency in MHz or GHz and processing
speed in Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS).
• Cache Memory
• Processor ability to solve the complex algorithms
used in meeting the deadlines for their processing.
10/21/2024 17
Computer and Instruction Set Architectures

These slides are borrowed from one NPTEL course “ ARM based development” by Prof. Mauli
Shankaran
John Von Neumann Model

John Von Neumann (1903-1957) was an Austria-Hungary-born American mathematician who


made contributions to quantum physics, set theory, topology, economics, computer science.
Von Neumann Architecture
Harvard Architecture
The Harvard Architecture
The Harvard architecture…….contd.
CISC vs RISC
Complex instruction set computer(CISC)
Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
ARM History
References

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