Computer

Networks UNIT-I
Network Models-
OSI Models

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 Network Models-OSI Models
 A network is a combination of hardware and software that sends data from
one location to another.
• THE OSI MODEL
 Established in 1947, the International Organization for Standarization (ISO)
is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards.
 An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the
Open Systems Interconnection model. It was first introduced in the late
1970s.
 An open system is a set of protocols that allows any two different systems
to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture.
 The purpose of the OSI model is to show how to facilitate communication
between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of the
underlying hardware and software.
 The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a model for understanding and
designing a network architecture that is flexible, robust, and interoperable.

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• The OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network
systems that allows communication between all types of computer
systems.
• It consists of seven separate but related layers, each of which defines
a part of the process of moving information across a network.

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• Application Layer
 The application layer enables the user, whether human or software,
to access the network.
 It provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic
mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database management,
and other types of distributed information services.
 Specific services provided by the application layer include the
following:
• Network virtual terminal
• File transfer, access management
• Mail services
• Directory services

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• Presentation Layer
 The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of
the information exchanged between two systems.
 Specific responsibilities of the presentation layer include
the following:
• Translation
• Encryption
• Compression

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• Session Layer
 The services provided by the first three layers (physical, data link,
and network) are not sufficient for some processes. The session
layer is the network dialog controller.
 It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction
among communicating systems.
 Specific responsibilities of the session layer include the following:
• Dialog control –two process in two systems can communicate either
in half duplex or full duplex mode
• Synchronization-this layer allows a process to add checkpoints,or
synchronization points to a stream of data.

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• Transport Layer
 The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of
the entire message.
 The transport layer, on the other hand, ensures that the whole
message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error control
and flow control at the source-to-destination level.
 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message
from one process to another.
 Protocols-TCP,UDP

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 The responsibilities of the transport layer include the following:
• Service-point addressing/port address
• Segmentation and reassembly
• Connection control
• Flow control
• Error control

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• Network Layer
 The network layer is responsible for the source-to-
destination delivery of a packet, possibly across multiple networks
(links).
 The network layer ensures that each packet gets from its point of
origin to its final destination.
 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of
individual packets from the source host to the destination host.
 The responsibilities of the network layer include the following:
• Logical addressing
• Routing

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• Data Link Layer
 The data link layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission
facility, to a reliable link. It makes the physical layer appear error-
free to the upper layer (network layer).
 The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop
(node) to the next.
 The responsibilities of the data link layer include the following:
• Framing
• Physical addressing
• Flow control
• Error control
• Access control

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• Physical Layer
 The physical layer coordinates the functions required to carry a bit
stream over a physical medium. It deals with the mechanical and
electrical specifications of the interface and transmission medium.
 The physical layer is also concerned with the following:
• Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
• Representation of bits
• Data rate.
• Synchronization of bits
• Line configuration
• Physical topology
• Transmission mode

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Thank You

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