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 EVOLUTION AND ADVANCES IN
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

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 What is Wireless Communications?
 History of Wireless Communications
 The advantages
 The challenges
 The types
 Existing Wireless Systems
 Emerging Wireless Systems

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 What is Wireless Communication?

Transmitting/receiving voice and data using electromagnetic waves in open

Space The information from sender to receiver is carrier
over a well-defined frequency band (channel)

Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth and Capacity (bit-rate)

Different channels can be used to transmit information in parallel and
independently

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 History of Wireless Communications
The past decade has seen many advances in physical-layer
wireless communication theory and their implementation in
wireless systems
 Early AM wireless systems
Maxwell, Hertz, Fessenden, and Marconi
Crude early low-frequency transmitters
Used on-off keying (i.e. Morse code)

1887 Henrich Hertz - Laboratory experiments shown existence of EM

waves.

1865 Maxwell predicted it through his Famous Four equations.

1872 Loomis was issued a US Patent for a crude type of aerial wireless
telegraph.

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 Other investigators are Lodge, Pofoff, Tesla.

 Marconi conducted some experiments on wireless

telegraph system.

 He built some radio telegraph stations and started

commercial between England and France.

 Defining moment in Dec 12 , 1901, Marconi sent a

message ( repetitive letter “s”) from Cornwall, England to
St, John’s Newfoundland across Atlantic ocean.

( Without any Transistors and Vacuum tubes)

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 The first broadcast

1900s – Fessenden
1910s – Navy ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore radio
development
1920s – Short-wave radio development

Modern AM – SW Broadcasting, NTSC (National TV System

Committee) Low Definition TV,QAM ( Hybrid form of AM and PM)
(During World-war I)

The development of FM- Edwin Armstrong, Super

heterodyne RX

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 The evolution of digital radio-

AT&T, 1936,(Broad band Coaxial cable system with 480 Telephone

calls)- First carrier L1 system.

1970 – AT&T microwave relay system carried 70% of voice traffic, 95%
Broad band TV traffic. Most of the systems used BPSK modulation.

WISP – Wire Internet Service Provider – using digital radio equipment

( Unlicensed)

Now Broad band industry has been in a transition phase, to HDTV

( High Definition TV)

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 The cellular telephone concept

1921 - Detroit Police Department with use of mobile radios ( 2 MHz)

- One way mobile
- Police cars

1933 - They become Duplex.

FCC – Federal Communication Commission allocated some small small No of freqs by

the request of AT & T.

1971 – 1974 : Cellular System Adopted

More Spectrum for Development of cellular communication.

1984- Most of the Metropolitan cities had cell-phone system.

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How telecoms looked in the
beginning
First telephone demonstrated in around 1875

First personal computers emerged in the early

1960s (Apple / IBM?)
Limited functionality, no network connection

First mobile phone appeared in 1973, was

the size of a house brick and could only do
analogue voice

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How telecoms looked yesterday
Home phones were made out of “bakelite” and
were used for voice only

Computers increased in processing power /

functionality and connected to the network via
a simple 64kb/s modem

Mobile phones shrank drastically, and could

do voice and limited data, (9.6kbps and SMS)

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How telecoms looks today
Home phones are frequently cordless (DECT),
with advance network functions (caller ID, call
waiting …)

Computers have greatly increased processing

power / multimedia functional and connect to
the Internet via cable (up to 10Gbps)

Mobile phones have increased functions,

(MP3/Photo/PDA), and the networks
(UMTS/GPRS) support faster data rates

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Customers expect more
Yesterday Tomorrow
Content and Services
Computing

Telephone

News •My contacts

•My messages
Tomorrow •My calendar
•My presence
•My applications
•My content

Television

Interactive
gaming
Mail Converged
Gaming IPTV
Phones VoD 19
 Non-Technical Considerations

Why Deploy Wireless?

Cost savings over wireline.
Can not run wire to locations needed.
To enable patrons to bring their own laptop, therefore reducing the cost of owning
many PCs.
To enable you to easily move PCs.
To be on the leading edge.

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 The Development of Modern
Telecommunications Infrastructure

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 The Early days

•Morse – Telegraph Company -1840

•Gray - Telegraph Company -1867

•Alexander Graham Bell – Telephone – 1876 [Bell Telephone Company 1877]

•AT&T - 1885

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 The public switched telephone network ( PSTN)
A PSTN Intraoffice call through a local exchange

 Within a local exchange, a subscriber may be connected to the exchange in several ways.
 Intra-office call between two subscribers connected to same switch.
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 A PSTN Inter-office call over an inter-exchange trunk line

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  Circuit Switching or Connection Oriented
The analog voice signal from subscriber’s telephone propagate through the copper
wire pair to a LINE CARD located at the switch.
 LINE CARD converts anlog signal to digital PCM, DS0 signal.
 The called party has also Line card.
 Line card does duplex conversion wrt signal generation.
 Inter-office transmission facility with T-Carrier transport technology.
 With SONET and two cable technology, called OC-I,OC-3, OC-12 ( Fiber-optic)
 Digital switches uses stored programs for their operations.

Disadvantages of Early PSTNs

 In-band signaling setup for long distance inter-office telephone calls.
 Many trunks are “seized” in order to do the signaling and even for call set-up.
 Even called party is unavailable (Non chargeable calls), then also local exchange owner
has to pay for the service provider.
 Some fraud signaling can be generated (security).

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 Signaling System #7
or CCIS [common channel Interoffice signaling]

Out-of-band signaling : Common Channel Interoffice Signaling Systems (CCIS) or

Common Channel Signaling (CCS) due to their hard separation of signaling and
bearer channels. This required a separate channel dedicated solely to signaling

Common channel signaling s/m has been adopted by international

telecommunication Community for its use in PSTN and PLMNs ( Public land
mobile Networks)

 SS7 system is a packet network consisting of

Signal transfer points ( STP)

Service switching points (SSP)
Service control points (SCP)
Operations support systems (OSS)
RCL ( Redundant Communication Links)

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The Network Elements of the SS7 System

I/F to Database of
Telephone Companies

PSTN’s PLMN’s

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 Three signaling nodes - Service switching point (SSPs),
signal transfer point (STPs), and Service Control Point (SCPs).
Each node is identified on the network by a number, a point
code. Extended services are provided by a database interface
at the SCP level using the SS7 network.

 SS7 links at higher signaling capacity (1.536 and 1.984

Mbit/s, simply referred to as the 1.5 Mbit/s and 2.0 Mbit/s
rates) are called High Speed Links (HSL) in contrast to the low
speed (56 and 64 kbit/s) links. High Speed Links (HSL) are
specified in ITU-T Recommendation Q.703

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 When the signaling is performed on the same circuit that will
ultimately carry the conversation of the call, it is termed Circuit-
Associated Signalling (CAS). This is the case for earlier analogue
trunks.

 In contrast, SS7 signaling is termed Non-Circuit-Associated

Signalling (NCAS) in that the path and facility used by the signaling
is separate and distinct from the telecommunications channels
that will ultimately carry the telephone conversation.

 With Non-Circuit-Associated Signaling, it becomes possible to

exchange signaling without first seizing a facility, leading to
significant savings and performance increases in both signaling
and facility usage.
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 The Public data network (PDNs)
Serving GPRS Support Node

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  PDN carry data, through modems, via hand shaking functions, connect to any other
modem at remote location.
 Modems converts data from host computers to digital signals ( audio tones)
 These audio tones transmitted across PSTNs.
 Modem technology has increased data rates through PSTN or digital N/W outside
local exchange.
 ADSL ( Adaptive digital Subscriber line) is a modern technology with high speed data.
Data sent through Circuit switched N/W.
 PDN transport data over WANs.
 PDN has virtual circuits (a) Connectionless s/m – forward packets.
 Implementation of wireless LANs and MANs with increasing data rates.

 SGSN – Serving GPRS supporting node- packets to serving area, billing, up-link, down-
link.
 Router – Used for connections in internet.

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Video, Data &
Telephone service Broadband cable systems Test Access Point

Fig: Two-way hybrid fiber-coaxial cable-TV

system with Fiber Nodes
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DOCSIS standard – Data over cable service interface specification.
 Wideband networks designed to deliver Analog and Digital
video signals ( including HDTV), data and telephone service to
subscriber.
 Video content from local off-air TV stations, satellite feeds
of network.
 Data service connects to ISP & telephone service connects
to PSTN.
 High Speed Data Connection through Cable Modems(CM) at
Subscriber end and cable modem termination systems(CMTS)
at service providers end.

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 The Internet – World’s largest computer N/W
 Wide area networks – thousands of LANs via router ( special purpose switch)
NSP ( National Service provider) with NAP ( Network access points)
Regional ISP tap to NSP or NAP  Users connects to ISP

Fig: Conceptual
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Structure of the Internet
 Overview of Existing Network Infrastructure

Voice

Analog Video
or TV signals

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 Cellular specifications
1. ETSI – European Telecommunications standard Institute.
2. TIA – Telecommunication Industry association.
3. 3GPP , 3GPP2 – Third generation partnership projects.
4. For LANs, PANs, MANs – the IEEE produced IEEE 802.11x,802.15x and
802.16x specifications.

WIRELESS MARKETS

1.Traditional voice oriented market : PSTN, PCS, Fast and amazing acceptance

2.The newer data oriented market : Internet and computer LAN technology.
* Cell phone data oriented market has
been driven by SMS and IM ( Instant
messaging) and MMS….
* Wireless LANs, MANs & PANs.

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Categories of Wireless
Networks

Beyond 100 meters

WWAN :
WPAN : WLAN : WMAN :
Wide Area Connectivity
Personal Area Connectivity Local Area Connectivity Metro Area Connectivity
(Broad geographic
10 meters 100 meters (City or suburb)
coverage)

AMPS, GSM, IS-95

Bluetooth, UWB WiFi, HiperLan WiMax
cdma2000, W-CDMA

<source : Wireless communication technology landscape, DELL >

10/20/24
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 1G Cellular Systems
 First Analog based, Voice –oriented cellular telephone system
Voice Oriented
 1983, AMPS deployed in United States
 Used Anlog FM scheme for transmission of voice messages.
 Nordic Mobile Telephone – NMT - Denmark, Finland, Norway, and
Sweden

Transmission of all 1G schemes has

1.Down link – Base station to mobile.
2.Up link – Mobile to base station.
It is called as FDD(Frequency Division Duplex)
with two separate bands
FDM increases channel capacity.

Base station - Earth based TX/RX station in a given range.

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 1G -Continued
 ID No.s assigned to mobile TX or hand sets.
 ID No. tells mobile status ( Home area or roaming)
 ID No. for Authentication of mobile
 ID No. to Define Mobile telephone No. for correct operation of the N/W

AMPS- Advanced Mobile Phone System

 800 MHZ band, Down link – 824-849 MHZ
UP LINK – 869 – 894 MHZ.
CHANNEL SPACING – 30 KHZ
 Each base station transmit and receive freq separated by 45 MHZ.

 FCC introduced competition - by introducing Band –

A band to one SP
& B band to another SP
In a specific area.

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 AMPS Channels

Channels 1-312 in the band are Traffic channels (TCH) – used for subscriber’s calls.
313-333 are for control channels in the A band.

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 AMPS system components and layout

MSC

MTSO
Fig: An Early AMPS Cellular System

* BS with particular coverage area connected to MTSO and PSTN, permits

Subscriber mobility, receives instructions from MSC.
* MSC with PSTN – involved in billing and other control operations
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 Information flow over AMPS channels
* DCC- Digital Color Code
* SAT - Supervisory Audio Tones
* SCC- SAT Color Code
* ST –Signaling Tone

Control
Channel

Traffic
Channel

Fig: AMPS FORWARD AND REVERSE CONTROL AND VOICE CHANNELS

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 AMPS Security and Identification

Three Identification Numbers Used: MS-ESN, MSP-SID & MS- MIN.

 MS: ESN – Electronic Serial No.

 Service Provider’s: System Identification No. – SID.

 MS: MIN- Mobile Identification No

 ESN is provided by Mobile phone’s manufacturer- Not easily altered.

 SID – 15 bit binary No.s that are uniquely assigned to cellular systems.
BS and MS exchange these no.s to determine status of mobile
i.e. home or roaming

 MIN is a 34 bit binary No. derived from MS’s 10-digit Telephone Number
24bits are derived from the 7-digit Local Number
& 10bits are derived from the 3-digit area code

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AMPS: Control, signaling and identification info. are exchanged b/w BS & MS’s.

Control
Signals, ID’s
Exchanged

44 Fig: AMPS mobile phone initialization 10/20/24

 Mobile-to-land calls
Handshaking operations
Signaling operations
Service requests

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 Land-to-mobile and mobile-to-mobile calls
Paging, ID information exchange,Signaling,Control messages

Last hand shake

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 AMPS Handoff operations

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 Other 1G Systems
TACS(Total Access Comm.s S/m) Cellular Motorola UK  1985

NMT Cellular  Another variation of AMPS  Nordic Countries  1981

NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone) Cellular  Japan  1979

Radiocom 2000  France

RMTS  Italy

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 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM

Advancement in technology  1G to 2G, 2.5G, 2.5G+

Fielded in the late 1980s and finished in the late 1990s

Planned for voice transmission with digital signal and

the speeds up to 64kbps

2G uses TDMA and CDMA multiplexing or digital

modulation

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 2G TECHNOLOGIES
CdmaOne, IS-95 GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136, PDC

Uplink 824-849 MHz (US Cellular) 890-915 MHz (Europe) 800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan)
Frequencies 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS)

824-849 MHz (US Cellular)

Downlink 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 935-960 MHz (Europe)
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS)
Frequencies 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz (Japan)

Duplexing FDD FDD FDD

Multiple
CDMA TDMA TDMA
Access Tech.
BPSK with Quadrature
Modulation Spreading
GMSK with BT=0.3 /4 DQPSK

Carrier 1.25 MHz 200 KHz

30 KHz (IS-136)
Separation (25 KHz for PDC)

Channel Data 48.6 Kbps (IS-136)

1.2288 Mchips/sec 260.833 Kbps
Rate (25 KHz for PDC)

Voice
Channels per 64 8 3
carrier

50 Speech
CELP @ 13 Kbps,
RPE-LTP @ 13 Kbps 10/20/24
VSELP @ 7.95 Kbps
Coding EVRC @ 8 Kbps
 General Characteristics of 2G
S/ms
TDMA – Timeslots
CDMA – Spread Spectrum, digital
modulation technique
CDPD(Cellular Digital Packet Data) service
using PDN  1993 in U.S.

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 2G Cellular Systems
GSM
PDC
PCS
TDMA
CDMA

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 2.5G Cellular Systems
Increasing demand for mobile data
delivery, PC and Internet  led to the
deployment of 2.5G
CDPD(Cellular Digital Packet Data) overlaid
on existing AMPS s/m
Wireless e-mail access, file transfer
Data delivery rate at 9.6kbps

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 2.5G – Evolution of Mobile Data
Services
Evolutionary approach to upgrading the
existing cellular systems
GSM, CDMA and NA-TDMA were most
important cellular systems (95% of world’s
cellular subscribers)
CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) – low
speed mobile packet data service; 9.6kbps;
HSCSD(High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data) –
On GSM Network; 43.2 kbps to 64kbps;
GSM TDMA frame with 8 timeslots

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 2.5G – Evolution of Mobile Data
Services..

GPRS(General Packet Radio Service) – GSM

GPRS provides packet switched data
service; 160kbps; defined by
ETSI(European Telecommunication
Standards Institute)
Packet Data over CDMA – CDMA used an
IWF(Interworking Function) component for
both circuit and packet data; IS-95A & IS-
95B systems are called as cdmaOne
cellular systems; 115.2 kbps;

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 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM
• Developed in the late 1990s until present day

Japan is the first country having introduced 3G nationally, and in Japan the
transition to 3G is being largely completed during 2005/2006

Services include:

 Higher data rates

 Advanced Multimedia (ex: voice, data and video)
 Global roaming
 Superior voice quality and video conference
 Data always add–on services (e-mail, personal organizer, etc.)
 Information for web surfing, music, news, corporate intranet,
transportation service etc.
 Purchasing – on-line shopping / banking, ticketing, gambling, games,
etc

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 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM

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 Why 3G?
 Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!
 For the consumer
Video streaming, TV broadcast
Video calls, video clips – news, music, sports
Enhanced gaming, chat, location services…
 For business
High speed teleworking / VPN access
Sales force automation
Video conferencing
Real-time financial information

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 3G

Standards
3G Standard is created by ITU-T and is called as IMT-
2000.
 The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G
systems to provide Global Roaming.

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 Upgrade paths for 2G Technologies

2G IS-95 GSM- IS-136 & PDC

GPRS
IS-95B
2.5G
HSCSD EDGE

Cdma2000-1xRTT W-CDMA
3G Cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO EDGE
TD-SCDMA
Cdma2000-3xRTT
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3GPP2 3GPP
 GSM evolution to 3G
High Speed Circuit Switched Data
Dedicate up to 4 timeslots for data connection
~ 50 kbps
Good for real-time applications c.w. GPRS
Inefficient -> ties up resources, even when
nothing sent
Not as popular as GPRS (many skipping HSCSD)
Enhanced Data Rates for Global
GSM Evolution
HSCSD
9.6kbps (one Uses 8PSK modulation
timeslot) 3x improvement in data rate on short
GSM Data distances
Also called CSD Can fall back to GMSK for greater
GSM GPRS distances
Combine with GPRS (EGPRS) ~ 384 WCDMA
kbps
General Packet Radio Services Can also be combined with HSCSD
Data rates up to ~ 115 kbps EDGE
Max: 8 timeslots used as any one time
Packet switched; resources not tied up all
the time
Contention based. Efficient, but variable
delays
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GSM / GPRS core network re-used by WCDMA
 GPRS (2.5G)
 General Packet Radio Service

 Packet based Data Network

 Well suited for non-real time internet usage including retrieval
of email, faxes and asymmetric web browsing.
 Supports multi user network sharing of individual radio
channels and time slots.
 Provides packet network on dedicated GSM radio channels
 GPRS overlays a packet-switched architecture on existing
GSM network architecture
 Variable performance…

 Packet Random Access, Packet Switched

 Content handling
 Throughput depends on coding scheme, # timeslots etc
 From ~ 9 kbps min to max. of 171.8 kbps (in theory!)

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 EDGE (2.5G)
 EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution
 EDGE is add-on to GPRS
 Uses 8-PSK modulation in good conditions
 Increase throughput by 3x (8-PSK – 3 bits/symbol vs GMSK 1 bit/symbol)
 Offer data rates of 384kbps, theoretically up to 473.6kbps
 Uses 9 Modulation coding schemes (MCS1-9)
 MCS(1-4) uses GMSK, while MCS(5-9) uses 8PSK modulation.
 Uses Link adaptation algorithm
 Modulation Bit rate – 810kbps
 Radio data rate per time slot – 69.2kbps
 User data rate per time slot – 59.2kbps (MCS9)
 User data rate (8 time slots) – 473.6kbps
 New handsets / terminal equipment; additional hardware in the BTS, Core
network and the rest remains the same
 EDGE access develops to connect to 3G core

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 W-CDMA makes possible a world of mobile
multimedia (3G)

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 Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps

In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking

(WCDMA, WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and GPS)

According to Nokia, 3G applications can be

divided into:
Wireless Advertising
Mobile Information
Business Solutions
Mobile Transactions
Mobile Entertainment
Person-to-Person Communications

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 Evolution of Mobile Systems to 3G
- drivers are capacity, data speeds, lower cost of delivery
for revenue growth
Expected market share

TDMA
TDMA EDGE EDGE
EDGE Evolution
EDGE Evolution
3GPP Core
GSM
GSM GPRS
GPRS Network 90%
WCDMA
WCDMA HSDPA
HSDPA
PDC
PDC

CDMA2000
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1xEV/DV
1x EV/DV 10%
cdmaOne
cdmaOne CDMA2000
1x CDMA2000
CDMA2000
1x 1xEV/DO
EV/DO
1x
2G First Step into 3G 3G phase 1 Evolved 3G

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 3G: Applications, Services and Market

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 Difference between regular TDMA and W-CDMA

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69 10/20/24
 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
 UMTS is the European vision of 3G  ETSI.
 UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE.
 The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
 Data rates of UMTS are:
 144 kbps for rural
 384 kbps for urban outdoor
 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
 Virtual Home Environment (VHE) – n/w supported mobile
computing environment

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 3G Characteristics
Provide High-speed data transfer from packet
networks
Permit global roaming
Support multimedia and able to work in various
different operating environments (Fig: 3G
operating Environments)
IMT-2000 has defined hierarchial cell structures,
their size, allowed subscriber mobility rate and
minimum supported data rate (Fig: 3G
characteristics by cell size and mobile speed)
Varying data rates by providing bandwidth on
demand
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 3G Characteristics

72 3G Operating Environments 10/20/24

 Fig: 3G characteristics by cell size and mobile speed
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 CDMA2000 evolution to 3G
• Cdma 2000 is the enhanced wideband version of CDMA

IS-95B CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Evolution Data

Support for multimedia Optimised
services Third phase in CDMA2000 evolution
Data rates up to 2 mbps 2.4mbps on downlink, 153kps on uplink;
Many operators gone direct to MP3 transfers and Video conferencing possible
1xRTT IS-95B
CDMA
IS-95A CDMA2000
1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV
3xRTT
IS-95A
14.4 kbps 1xRTT
CDMA2000 1x Evolved DV
Core
CDMA2000 1xRTT: single Fourth phase in CDMA2000
network
carrier RTT evolution
re-used in
First phase in CDMA2000 evolution Supports integrated voice and
CDMA2000
1.25-MHz CDMA channel data
Data Rate: 144kbps Multimedia services are
Same core network as IS-95 supported
Voice capacity doubled 3mbps data rate
2.5G 3G 74
 WWAN (Wireless Wide Area
Network)
1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G
IS-136/
EDGE
PDC
NMT TDMA TDMA
TACT W-CDMA/
W-CDMA
FDMA HSDPA
CDMA CDMA
GSM GPRS
TDMA TDMA ?
OFDM
cdma2000
AMPS IS-95 IS-95B cdma2000
EV,DO,DV
FDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA

Analog Digital

TDMA
FDMA OFDM

CDMA
Voice 64~384K Packet ~2M Multimedia ~10M Multimedia ~100M Multimedia

Can be Implemented by Programmable DSP No fully programmable H/W solutions

Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) was the first ever CDMA-based digital cellular technology. It
was developed by Qualcomm and later adopted as a standard by the
Telecommunications Industry Association in TIA/EIA/IS-95 release published in 1995.
The proprietary name for IS-95 is cdma One.
10/20/24
75
 1X EV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized or
Evolution-Data only
• Supporting data rates of up to 2.4 Mbps

• Having no backward-compatibility with CDMA 2000

• Including two inter-operable modes:

 voice and medium data speeds

 non real-time high speed data and Internet access
• Providing an always-on operation of 1xEV-DO terminals in the active
state
• Uses a multi-level modulation format (QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM)

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 3.5G or HSDPA
 3.5G or HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) is an
enhanced version and the next intermediate generation of 3G
UMTS.
 It comprises the technologies that improve the Air Interface and
increase the spectral efficiency
 Support data rates of the order of 30 Mbps.
 1xEV-DV supports most of the features provided in 3.5G. These
include: Backward compatibility with 3G and Enhanced Air
interface.

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 4G: Anytime, Anywhere Connection
 Also known as ‘Mobile Broadband everywhere’
 ‘MAGIC’
Mobile Multimedia Communication
Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone
Global Mobility Support
Integrated Wireless Solution
Customized Personal Service

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 4G: Data rate Facts
 Transmission at 20 Mbps
 2000 times faster than mobile data rates
 10 times faster than top transmission rates planned in
final build out of 3G broadband mobile
 10-20 times faster than standard ADSL services.
 Companies developing 4G technology
Cellular phone companies: Alcatel, Nortel,
Motorola,
IT Companies: Hughes,HP,LG Electronics

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 Less Complexity, Faster Transmission
100
Unlike the 3G networks which are a 90
combination of circuit switched and packet 80
switched networks, 4G will be based on 70
60
packet switching only. This will allow

Mbps
50
low-latency data transmission. 40
30
20
10
0
3G 4G

3G 4G

Leading U.S. Carrier 3G EVDO International Carrier is testing

network currently averages 4G communication at 100
400 to 700 Kbps with peak Mbps while moving, and 1
rates up to 2 Mbps. Gbps while stationary.

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 4G  Enhanced Mobile
Gaming

3G  Experience enhanced wireless

capabilities that deliver mobile
2G gaming interaction with latency
less than five milliseconds.

1G  Play online multiplayer games

while traveling at high speeds or
sitting outside.
0G
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 Personal Media Repository

Create a personal media repository that can be accessed from home and on the
road to view photos, watch movies and listen to your personal music collection.

Virtual Presence
Use hologram-generating virtual reality programs that provide an artificial
presence just about anywhere.

For example, decide if you want to personally respond when someone rings
your front door while you are away from home.

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 Broadband Access in Remote Locations

4G networks will provide a wireless alternative for broadband access

to residential and business customers.

In addition, 4G will provide the first opportunity for broadband access

in remote locations without an infrastructure to support cable or DSL
access.

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 Fixed WiMAX Architecture

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) 

84 wireless data over long distances 10/20/24
 Mobile WiMAX Architecture
IMS-IP Multimedia Subsystem

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  WiMAX / Wi-Fi Comparison
 WiMAX and Wi-Fi are somewhat independent,
addressing slightly different needs.

WiMAX uses private, licensed spectrum and provides Wi-

Fi-like service with guaranteed performance to larger
public areas, similar in coverage to cellular networks
today.

Wi-Fi uses shared spectrum and operates at short

distances, making it ideal for low-cost, private networks
(where usage of the network is constrained to an office
building or campus) or free public systems (where service
guarantees are not required).

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 Mobile phone radiation and health

 Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave

range, and researchers believe this may be harmful to human
health.

They are

1.Radiation absorption. [SAR-Specific Absorption Rate *#07# ]

Part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset are

absorbed by the human head. The radio waves emitted by a GSM
handset, can have a peak power of 2 watts, and a US analogue
phone had a maximum transmit power of 3.6 watts. Other digital
mobile technologies, such as CDMA2000 and D-AMPS, use lower
output power, typically below 1 watt.

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 2. Thermal effects.

In the case of a person using a cell phone, most of the heating effect will
occur at the surface of the head, causing its temperature to increase by a
fraction of a degree.

3. Non-thermal effects.

cellular response to an increase in temperature. The German biophysicist

Roland Glaser, for example[11], has argued that there are several thermo
receptor molecules in cells, and that they activate a cascade of second
and third messenger systems, gene expression mechanisms and production
of heat shock proteins in order to defend the cell against metabolic cell stress
caused by heat.

1.Blood-brain barrier effects.

2.Sleep and EEG effects

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 IMPORTANT REFERENCES
WiMAX Forum
http://www.wimaxforum.org/

3G Today
http://www.3gtoday.com

Qualcomm
http://www.qualcomm.com/

Intel
http://www.intel.com

IP Wireless
http://www.ipwireless.com/

Sprint Nextel Announces 4G Initiative

http://www2.sprint.com/mr/news_dtl.do?id=12960

MULLET – TEXT BOOK

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 THANKS

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