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Disign and Analysis of Algorith - Overview

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Disign and Analysis of Algorith - Overview

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sintebeta
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Design and Analysis of

Algorithms
Target group: 3rd year Computer Science students
By: Elsay M.
Design and Analysis of
Algorithms
• Course Code: CoSc 3094
• Credit Hours: 3 | ECTS: 5
• Lecture Hours: 3 | Lab Hours: 0 | Tutorial Hours: 2
• Prerequisite: CoSc 2091 - Data Structure and Algorithms
• Course Category: Compulsory
• Year: III | Semester: II
• Instructor: Elsay M.
o Email: [email protected]
o Office: Building 15, Room 8
o Office Hours: Monday – Friday, during working hours
Course Description
• This course covers the fundamental principles in the design
and analysis of algorithms. Key topics include a review of
essential data structures, algorithm design techniques such
as divide-and-conquer, dynamic programming, and greedy
algorithms, as well as an introduction to graph algorithms
like BFS, DFS, and shortest path algorithms.
• Topics Include:
• Review of basic data structures
• Algorithm design techniques (Divide-and-Conquer, Dynamic
Programming, Greedy Algorithms)
• Graph Algorithms (BFS, DFS, Minimum Spanning Tree, Shortest
Paths)
Course Objectives
• By the end of this course, students will be able to:
• Analyze algorithms using various techniques.
• Apply different algorithm design methods.
• Understand the basics of computational complexity.
• Implement advanced searching and sorting algorithms.
• Develop and evaluate the correctness and performance of
algorithms, especially for string searching and graph
manipulation.
Course Outline
Chapter 1: Introduction and Elementary Data
Structures (6 hours)
1.1 Introduction to Algorithm Analysis
1.1.1 Asymptotic Notations
1.1.2 Analysis of Algorithms
Cont..
1.2 Review of Elementary Data Structures
1.2.1 Heaps
1.2.2 Hashing
1.2.3 Set Representation (UNION, FIND Operations)
Chapter 2: Divide and Conquer
(6 hours)
2.1 The General Method of Divide and Conquer
2.2 Binary Search
2.3 Finding Maximum and Minimum
Cont..
2.4 Merge Sort
2.5 Quick Sort
2.6 Selection Sort
Chapter 3: Greedy Algorithms (6
hours)
3.1 General Characteristics of Greedy Algorithms
3.2 Graph Minimum Spanning Tree (Kruskal’s and Prim’s
Algorithms)
3.3 Shortest Paths
3.4 Scheduling
Chapter 4: Dynamic
Programming (6 hours)

4.1 Introduction to Dynamic Programming


4.2 All-Pairs Shortest Path – Floyd-Warshall Algorithm
4.3 Shortest Path – Dijkstra Algorithm
4.4 0/1 Knapsack
4.5 Depth First Search
Chapter 5: Backtracking (6
hours)

5.1 8 Queens Problem


5.2 Graph Coloring
5.3 Hamiltonian Cycle
5.4 Knapsack Problems
5.5 Traveling Salesman Problem
Chapter 6: Introduction to
Probabilistic Algorithms and Parallel
Algorithms (2 hours)
• Probabilistic Algorithms
• Parallel Algorithms
Assessments
• Quizzes and assignment 10%
• Project 20%
• Mid 20%
• Final 50%
Question 1:Why do we need to analyze algorithms if
they all give the correct result?

o Answer: While multiple algorithms may solve the same


problem and produce the correct result, they often differ
significantly in efficiency.
o Analyzing algorithms allows us to determine which one
performs better under various conditions, especially when
dealing with large input sizes.
o Efficient algorithms save time and resources, making them
essential in real-world applications where response times or
processing power are critical.
o For example, a poorly designed sorting algorithm could take
hours to process millions of records, whereas a more efficient
one might complete the task in seconds.
Question 2: How would you explain an algorithm to
a child?

• Answer: An algorithm is like a recipe for a computer.


Just as a recipe tells you step-by-step how to bake a
cake, an algorithm tells a computer the exact steps to
solve a problem. Just like in a recipe, the order of the
steps matters, and following them correctly will give the
desired result.
Question 3: What is more important in an
algorithm, speed or correctness?

• Answer: Both are important, but correctness comes


first.
• An algorithm must produce the correct result;
otherwise, it’s useless. However, once correctness is
ensured, we aim to optimize the algorithm's speed or
efficiency.
• For example, a quick but incorrect solution to a problem
can cause significant errors, especially in applications
like medical software or financial systems.
Question 4: Can two different algorithms solve the
same problem with the same input and still take
different amounts of time?

• Answer: Yes, absolutely! Different algorithms can


approach the same problem in different ways, leading to
varying runtimes.
• For instance, consider the problem of sorting a list.
• Bubble Sort may take much longer than Merge Sort
to sort the same list, especially as the size of the input
grows.
• This difference in performance is why we study and
compare algorithms in terms of time complexity.
Question 5: If Google’s search algorithm was O(n²)
instead of O(log n), how would that affect your
search experience?

• Answer: Google’s search algorithm is designed to


handle billions of search queries efficiently.
• If the algorithm were O(n²), meaning its time complexity
grows quadratically as the input grows, it would be far
slower.
• For example, instead of getting search results in a
fraction of a second, it could take minutes or hours for
complex searches, making the service almost unusable
on a global scale.
Question 6: What is the role of a data structure in
algorithms?

• Answer: A data structure is like the building blocks or


containers used by algorithms to store and organize data.
• Choosing the right data structure is crucial for the efficiency
of an algorithm.
• For example, searching for a value in an unsorted array can
be slow (O(n)), but searching in a well-implemented binary
search tree can be much faster (O(log n)).
• The right data structure helps optimize how data is accessed,
modified, and processed during the execution of an
algorithm.
Question 7: Can a faster algorithm be worse in
certain situations?

• Answer: Yes, a faster algorithm can be worse if it uses too


much memory or if its performance degrades with certain
inputs.
• For example, an algorithm that is very fast on small data but
fails to handle larger inputs efficiently can cause problems.
• Similarly, some algorithms, like dynamic programming,
trade time for memory.
• If memory is limited, the algorithm might not be practical
even though it runs fast.
Question 8: How do algorithms impact our
daily lives without us even realizing it?

• Answer: Algorithms are everywhere!


• From recommending movies on Netflix, to determining
the fastest route on Google Maps, or helping your
phone’s camera auto-focus, algorithms play a crucial
role in making our technology work smoothly.
• They are used in financial systems, healthcare, social
media feeds, and even the ads we see online.
• The more efficient the algorithms, the better these
services can perform.
Question 9: Can a simple algorithm
sometimes outperform a complex one?
• Answer: Yes, in some cases a simple algorithm can
outperform a more complex one.
• For example, if you only need to sort a small list, a
simple algorithm like insertion sort might be faster
than a more complex one like quick sort, because its
overhead is lower.
• The complexity of the algorithm doesn’t always
guarantee better performance—context matters.
Question 10: Why do some algorithms
need to be “greedy” or “dynamic”?

• Answer: Some problems are best solved using specific


strategies. A greedy algorithm makes a series of
decisions, each of which looks best at the moment, to
find a solution (though it might not always find the best
overall solution).
• On the other hand, dynamic programming stores
solutions to subproblems to avoid repeating work.
• Different problems require different approaches, and
choosing the right strategy can significantly improve
performance.

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