Computer Systems:

Computer Systems:
• A computer is a system made of two major components:
hardware and software.
• The computer hardware is the physical equipment.
• The software is the collection of programs (instructions) that allow the hardware to
do its job.

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Computer Systems:

Computer Hardware :
• The hardware component of the computer system consists of five parts:
 input devices,
 central processing unit (CPU) ,
 primary storage,
 output devices,
 auxiliary storage devices.

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Computer Systems:
• The input device is usually a keyboard where programs and data are entered into
the computers.
• Examples of other input devices include a mouse, a pen or stylus, a touch screen, or
an audio input unit.
• The central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for executing instructions such as
arithmetic calculations, comparisons among data, and movement of data inside the
system.
• Today’s computers may have one ,two, or more CPUs .

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Computer Systems:
• Primary storage ,also known as main memory, is a place where the programs and
data are stored temporarily during processing.
• The data in primary storage are erased when we turn off a personal computer or
when we log off from a time-sharing system.
• The output device is usually a monitor or a printer to show output.
• If the output is shown on the monitor, we say we have a soft copy.
• If it is printed on the printer, we say we have a hard copy.

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Computer Systems:

• Auxiliary storage, also known as secondary storage, is used for both

input and output.
• It is the place where the programs and data are stored permanently.
• When we turn off the computer, or programs and data remain in the
secondary storage, ready for the next time we need them.

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Computer Systems:
Computer Software:
• Computer software is divided in to two broad categories:
system software and application software.
• System software manages the computer resources .
• It provides the interface between the hardware and the users.
• Application software, on the other hand is directly responsible for
helping users solve their problems.

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Computer Systems:
System Software:
• System software consists of programs that manage the hardware resources of a
computer and perform required information processing tasks.
• These programs are divided into three classes:
• the operating system,
• system support,
• system development.
• The operating system provides services such as a user interface, file and database
access, and interfaces to communication systems such as Internet protocols.
• The primary purpose of this software is to keep the system operating in an efficient
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manner while allowing the users access to the system.
Computer Systems:
• System support software provides system utilities and other operating services.
• Examples of system utilities are sort programs and disk format programs.
• Operating services consists of programs that provide performance statistics for the
operational staff and security monitors to protect the system and data.
• The last system software category ,system development software, includes the
language translators that convert programs into machine language for
execution ,debugging tools to ensure that the programs are error free and computer –
assisted software engineering(CASE) systems.

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Computer Systems:
• Application software Application software is broken in to two classes :
General purpose software and application specific software.
• General purpose software is purchased from a software developer and can be
used for more than one application.
• Examples of general purpose software include word processors ,database
management systems ,and computer aided design systems.
• They are labeled general purpose because they can solve a variety of user
computing problems.
• Application specific software can be used only for its intended purpose.
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Computer Systems:

• The relation ship between system and application software is shown in figure.
• In this figure, each circle represents an interface point .
• The inner core is hard ware.
• The user is represented by the out layer.
• To work with the system, the typical user uses some form of application software.
• The application software in turn interacts with the operating system ,which is apart
of the system software layer.
• The system software provides the direct interaction with the hard ware.

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