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Lecture 2

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Talha Shabbir
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22 views

Lecture 2

Uploaded by

Talha Shabbir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is the difference b/w heat transfer and Process heat transfer

Heat Transfer : mean transfer of heat from hot object to cool object.
Process Heat Transfer: Mean transfer of b/w two process streams in process
industries.
What is difference b/w thermodynamics and process heat transfer
Thermodynamic: thermodynamics only deals with equilibrium state and
changes from one equilibrium to other equilibrium. Time is not thermodynamic
variable.
Process heat Transfer: deals with systems that lack thermal equilibrium, and
thus it is a non-equilibrium phenomenon. In process heat transfer time is a
primary variable. In heat transfer, rate of heat transfer is very important. Mean
how much heat transfer per unit time.

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Modes of Heat Transfer

There are three modes of heat transfer


1. Conduction
2. Convection
 Free convection
 Force convection
3. Radiation
4. Conduction:

Heat conduction is a process in which heat is transferred from the hotter part to the colder

part in a body without involving any actual movement of the molecules of the body. Heat

transfer takes place from one molecule to another molecule as a result of the vibratory

motion of the molecules. Heat transfer through the process of conduction occurs in

substances which are in direct contact with each other. It generally takes place in solids.

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Modes of Heat Transfer
Application
Conduction example: When frying vegetables in a pan. Heat transfer takes place
from flame to the pan and then to the vegetables.
Based on the conductivity of heat, substances can be classified as conductors and
insulators. Substances that conduct heat easily are known as conductors and those
that do not conduct heat are known as insulators.

2. Convection:
In this process, heat is transferred in the liquid and gases from a region of higher
temperature to a region of lower temperature. Convection heat transfer occurs
partly due to the actual movement of molecules or due to the mass transfer.
For example. Heating of milk in a pan.

3
Modes of Heat Transfer
 Free convection /Natural convection:

Natural convection is a type of flow, of motion of a liquid such as water or a gas


such as air, in which the fluid motion is not generated by any external source
(like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.) but by some parts of the fluid being
heavier than other parts. In most cases this leads to natural circulation, the
ability of a fluid in a system to circulate continuously, with gravity and possible
changes in heat energy. The driving force for natural convection is gravity. For
example if there is a layer of cold dense air on top of hotter less dense air, gravity
pulls more strongly on the denser layer on top, so it falls while the hotter less
dense air rises to take its place.

4
Modes of Heat Transfer
 Forced convection:

Forced convection is a special type of heat transfer in which fluids are forced to
move, in order to increase the heat transfer. This forcing can be done with a
ceiling fan, a pump, suction device, or other.

Application:

This mechanism is found very commonly in everyday life, including


central heating, air conditioning, steam turbines and in many other machines.
Forced convection is often encountered by engineers designing or analyzing
heat exchangers, pipe flow, and flow over a plate .

5
Modes of Heat Transfer
3. Radiation:
It is the process in which heat is transferred from one body to another body
without involving the molecules of the medium. Radiation heat transfer does not
depend on the medium.
Application:
In a microwave, the substances are heated directly without any heating medium.
Transfer of energy from sun to earth.

6
Examples of modes Heat Transfer

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Free or Natural Convection

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Forced Convection

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Conduction& Fourier Law

Heat conduction is a process in which heat is transferred from the

hotter part to the colder part in a body without involving any actual

movement of the molecules of the body. Heat transfer takes place

from one molecule to another molecule as a result of the vibratory

motion of the molecules. Heat transfer through the process of

conduction occurs in substances which are in direct contact with

each other. It generally takes place in solids.

12
Conduction & Fourier Law
Fourier law of heat conduction deals with conduction mode of heat transfer.

Steady –State: mean system is time independent OR No variation with respect to


time OR Derivative of that variable (the variable which is under consideration or
study) with respect to time is zero OR Time invariant, the system is called steady
state.

Uniform: mean system is position independent OR No variation with respect to


position OR Derivative of that variable (the variable which is under consideration
or study) with respect to position is zero OR position invariant, the system is
called uniform.

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Conduction & Fourier Law

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Thermal conductivity & Thermal resistance

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