Chapter Four

Internet of Things (IoT)

 4.1 . Overview of IoT

4.2 Explain how IoT works

4.3 Explain architecture

This chapter of IoT

Covers 4.4
Describe Pros and
Cons of IoT

4.5 . Describe IoT tools and

platforms
4.6 Describe the application
areas of IoT 2
4.1 – Overview of Internet of Things (IoT)
What is “Internet of Things (IOT)”?
● IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate
and transfer data over the internet without any
human intervention.
● It is a system of interrelated computing devices,
mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or
people that are provided with unique identifiers and
the ability to transfer data over a network without
requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
Cont.…
● It consists of any device with an on/off switch connected to the
internet.
● According to the 2020 conceptual framework IoT is expressed
through a simple formula such as:
IoT = Services + Data + Networks + Sensors
● Generally, the Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of
physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables
these objects to collect and exchange data.
IoT is “Smart Object Networking”.
Cont.…
The most important features of IOT
I. Connectivity
● Connectivity means create a small network between its
system device or
● It refers to establish a proper connection between all the
things of IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud.
● After connecting the IoT devices, it needs a high speed
messaging between the devices and cloud to enable
reliable, secure and bi-directional communication.
Cont.…
II. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
● IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”,
● meaning it enhances every aspect of life with the power of
data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and
networks.
● For example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have
going to end, then the coffee machine itself order the coffee
beans of your choice from the retailer.
Cont.…
III.Sensors
● Without sensors, there could not hold an effective or true IoT
environment.
● Sensors are devices that can detect and measure any change in
the environment (like temperature, humidity, etc.) and convert
it into signal, which can be read and interpreted by the
microcontroller unit.
Cont.…
IV. Active Engagement
● IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or
service engagement.
V. Small Devices
● Devices have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful
● IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision,
scalability, and versatility.
Cont.…
History of IOT
Reading Assignment
Evolution of Internet (1995-2015)

Internet of Things term was first coined by British pioneer

Kevin Ashton in 1999.
4.2 - How IoT works
● An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that
use embedded system such as processors, sensors and
communication hardware to collect, send and act on data they
acquire from their environments.
● IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to
an IoT gateway or another edge device where data is either
sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
● The devices do most of the work without human intervention,
although people can interact with the devices.
Cont.…
The communication between IOT devices and internet is
performed in two ways:
1. There is an internet-enabled intermediate node acting as a
gateway.
2. The IOT device has direct communication to the internet.
● In the first case, the device is commonly connected to the
computer and sends data to it using e.g. a USB port. The
computer receives the data and using appropriate software it
forwards it to the internet.
● In the second case, things are much simpler and devices can
function and communicate more autonomously.
Cont.…
Three types of Interactions in IoT
I. Device to Device communication
● Device-to-device communication model is generally used in
home automation.
● Low data rate requirement.
 Example : Lights, bulbs, locks and thermostat send small
amount of information to each other.
Cont.…
Cont.…
II. Device to Cloud communication
● This model is used to extend the capability of device by
sending data to cloud for analysis.
 Example 1: Nest Lab Learning Thermostat: Device sends
data to cloud to analyze the home energy consumption.
 Example2 : Samsung Smart TV: Sends user viewing
information to Samsung and enable interactive voice
recognition system.
Cont.…
III.Device to Gateway communication
● A gateway device is used between device and cloud in the
device-to-gateway communication model.
 Example: Fitness tracker. These devices don’t have a
native facility to connect to the cloud directly, hence they
use a mobile app.
4.3 - Architectures of IoT
The architecture of IoT devices comprises four
major components:
I. Sensing layer
II. Network layer
III. Data processing layer
IV. Application layers

Fig - Architecture of IoT

Cont.…

Fig - Architecture of IoT

Cont.…
I. Sensing Layer
● Its main purpose is to identify any phenomena in the devices’
peripheral and obtain data from the real world.
● Using multiple sensors for applications is one of the primary
features of IoT devices.
● These are the small, memory-constrained, often battery-
operated electronics devices with onboard sensors and
actuators.
● These could either function as standalone sensing devices or
be embedded as part of bigger machinery for sensing and
control.
Cont.…
Three main capabilities of a typical IOT device are:
 Able to sense and record data
 Able to perform light computing
 Able to connect to a network and communicate the data.
Sensors in IoT devices can be classified into three broad
categories.
a) Motion Sensor
● It measures the change in motion as well as the orientation of
the devices.
Cont.…
● There are two types of motions one can observe in a device:
 Linear motion - refers to the linear displacement of an IoT
device.
 Angular motion - refers to the rotational displacement of
the device.
What is the role of motion Sensors?
Example - In Home Security, motion sensors stand guard, ready
to react to various situations, such as movement in your living
room, windows or doors being opened or closed, or a broken
window.
Cont.…
● Motion sensors can:
 Trigger a doorbell when someone
approaches the front door.
 Alert you when kids enter restricted
areas in the home, like medicine
cabinet etc.
 Save energy by using motion sensor
lighting in unoccupied spaces.
 Notify you if animals enter areas
where they’re not supposed to be.
Cont.…
b) Environmental Sensors
● Sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc. are
embedded in IoT devices to sense the change in environmental
parameters in the device’s peripheral.
● The primary purpose of using environmental sensors in IoT
devices is to help the devices to take autonomous decisions
according to the changes of a device’s peripheral.
● Environmental sensors are used to sense parameters in the
physical environment such as temperature, humidity, pressure,
water pollution, and air pollution.
Cont.…
● For instance, environment sensors are used in many
applications to improve user experience (e.g., home
automation systems, smart locks, smart lights, etc.).
Role of Environmental Sensors?
Example of Environmental monitoring
 Monitoring water for quality, pollutants, thermal
contaminants, chemical leakages, the presence of lead, and
flood water levels.
 Monitoring Soil for moisture and vibration levels in order
to detect and prevent landslides.
 Monitoring Forest & protected land for forest fires.
Cont.…
 Monitoring for natural disasters like earthquake and
tsunami warnings
 Monitoring data centers for air température and humidity
 Monitoring Air pollution, Soil moisture, Water quality.
c) Position sensors
● Position sensors of IoT devices deal with the physical position
and location of the device.
● It is any device used for measuring the distance traveled by a
body starting from its reference position.
Cont.…
● This type of sensor can also be used to detect the presence or
absence of an object
● The most common position sensors used in IoT devices are
Magnetic sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS)
sensors.
 Magnetic sensors are usually used as digital compass and
help to fix the orientation of the device display.
 GPS is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices.
Cont.…
II. Network Layer
● It acts as a communication channel to transfer data, collected
in the sensing layer, to other connected devices.
● This layer implemented by using diverse communication
technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, LoRa,
cellular network, etc.)
Cont.…
III.Data Processing Layer
● It consists of the main data processing unit of IoT devices.
● It takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses the
data to make decisions based on the result.
● In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub, etc.),
this layer also saves the result of the previous analysis to
improve the user experience.
● This layer may share the result of data processing with other
connected devices via the network layer.
Cont.…
IV. Application Layer
● Implements and presents the results of the data processing
layer to accomplish disparate applications of IoT devices.
● It is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the
users.
● There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart
transportation, smart home, personal care, healthcare, etc.
4.4 - Advantages and disadvantages
of IoT
Advantages of IoT
● Improved Customer Engagement - IoT improves customer
experience by automatically detecting problems and providing
solutions.
● Technology Optimization - IoT has played a major part in
improving technologies and making them better.
● Enhanced Data Collection - Modern data collection suffers
from its limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it
out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really
want to go to analyse our world.
● Reduced Waste - IoT provides real-world information leading
to more effective management of resources.
Cont.…
Disadvantages of IoT
● As the number of connected devices increases and more
information is shared between devices, the potential that a
hacker could steal confidential information also increases.
● Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for
IoT, it’s difficult for devices from different manufacturers to
communicate with each other.
● If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected
device will become corrupted.
● Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers
maybe even millions of IoT devices and collecting and
managing the data from all those devices will be challenging.
4.5 - Tools and Platforms

● There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform

marketplace, offering remarkably similar capabilities and
methods of deployment.
● These IoT Platform Solutions are based on the Internet of
Things and cloud technology.
● They can be used in areas of smart home, city, enterprise,
home automation, healthcare or automotive, just to name a
few.
Reading Assignment
IoT Platform
I. KAA
II. SiteWhere
III.ThingSpeak
IV. DeviceHive
V. Zetta
VI.ThingsBoard
Cont…
ThingSpeak
KAA

 Collect data in private channels
Manage an unlimited number of
connected devices  Share data with public channels
 Set up cross-device interoperability
 MATLAB analytics and
 Perform real-time device
visualizations
monitoring
 Perform remote device  Alerts

provisioning and configuration  Event scheduling

 Collect and analyze sensor data
 App integrations
 Create cloud services for smart
products  Worldwide community
Cont…
ThingsBoard
 SiteWhere
 Run any number of IoT applications
 Real-time data visualization and
on single SiteWhere instance remote device control.
 Spring delivers core configuration
 Customizable rules, plugins,
framework
 Add devices through self-registration widgets and transport
 Integrates with third-party integration implementations.
frameworks such as Mule any point
 Supports transport encryption
 Default database storage is MongoDB
 Grafana to visualize SiteWhere data for both MQTT and HTTP(s)

protocols.
Cont…

DeviceHive Zetta
 Directly integrate with Alexa
 Visualization dashboard of your choice  Supports a wide
 It supports Big data solutions such as
range of hacker
ElasticSearch, Apache Spark, Cassandra and
Kafka for real-time and batch processing. boards
 Connect any device
 Zetta allows you to
 Supports libraries written in various
programming languages, including Android and assemble smartphone
iOS libraries
 It allows running batch analytics and machine apps, device apps, and
learning on top of your device data
cloud apps
4.6 - Application areas of IoT
• IoT becomes an attractive option for so many businesses,
organizations, and government offices.
• IoT has found its application in several areas such as

 Connected industry,  Smart agriculture,

 Smart-city,  Connected building
 Smart-home, and campus,
 Health care,
 Smart-energy,
 Logistics and etc.
 Connected car,
Cont.…
1. Agriculture
● For indoor planting, IoT makes monitoring and
management of microclimate conditions a reality,
which in turn increases production.
● For outside planting, devices using IoT technology can
sense soil moisture and nutrients, in conjunction with
weather data, better control smart irrigation and
fertilizer systems.
Cont.…
Applications of IoT in Agriculture
● Monitoring quality of soil in real time
● Regulating water supply and controlling usage of water
● Monitoring and measuring humidity, temperature etc.
● Warehouse monitoring for fire hazards or pests - a lot of
crop is damaged in storage.
● It helps identify sick animals so they can be pulled from
the herd, preventing the spread of disease.
Cont.…
Cont.…
2. Consumer Use
● For private citizens, IoT devices in the form of
wearables and smart homes make life easier.
● Wearables cover accessories such as smartphones, Apple
watches, health monitors, to name a few.
● These devices improve entertainment, network
connectivity, health, and fitness.
● Security is made more accessible as well, with the
consumer having the ability to control appliances and
lights remotely,
● as well as activating a smart lock to allow the
appropriate people to enter the house even if they don’t
have a key.
Cont.…
3. Healthcare
● Wearable IoT devices let hospitals monitor their
patients’ health at home, thereby reducing hospital
stays while still providing up to the minute real time
information that could save lives.
● In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the
availability, thereby cutting wait time for free space.
● Sensors can also determine if a patient has fallen or is
suffering a heart attack.
Cont.…
4. Insurance
● Insurance companies can offer their policyholders
discounts for IoT wearables such as Fitbit.
● By employing fitness tracking, the insurer can offer
customized policies and encourage healthier habits,
which in the long run benefits everyone, insurer, and
customer alike.
Cont.…
5. Retail
● Online and in-store shopping sales figures can control
warehouse automation and robotics, information
gleaned from IoT sensors.
● Much of this relies on RFIDs, which are already in
heavy use worldwide.
Cont.…
6. Manufacturing
● RFID and GPS technology can help a manufacturer
track a product from its start on the factory floor to its
placement in the destination store, the whole supply
chain from start to finish.
● These sensors can gather information on travel time,
product condition, and environmental conditions that
the product was subjected to.
IoT Based Smart Home
● Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely
manage and monitor different home devices from
anywhere via smartphones or over the web with no
physical distance limitations.
● The concept of a Smart Home has become a reality
where all devices are integrated and interconnected via
the wireless network.
● These “smart” devices have the potential to share
information with each other given the permanent
availability to access the broadband internet connection.
Cont…
● Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off
remotely appliances to avoid accidents and save energy.
● Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as
humidity, temperature, pressure, wind speed and rain
levels with the ability to transmit data over long
distances.
● Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and
door openings and violations to prevent intruders.
● Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply
consumption monitoring to obtain advice on how to save
cost and resources, & many more.
Cont.…
● Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making
people feel safe in their daily life at home.
● Smart Home Appliances:
 Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food
that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with
all the information available on a smartphone app.
 The kitchen ranges with the interface to a Smartphone app
allowing remotely adjustable temperature control and
monitoring the oven’s self-cleaning feature.
 Washing machines allowing you to monitor the laundry
remotely.
IoT Based Smart City
● Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations & material
conditions in buildings, bridges & historical monuments.

Future trends: Building collapsed in

Using sensors and Thane, August 5, 2015
drones for
monitoring Bridge
Recent train accident in
M.P. on August 4, 2015

Poor structural monitoring

Cont.…
● Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in
street lights.
Cont.…
● Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces
available in the city making residents able to identify
and reserve the closest available spaces.

● Make use of ground sensor and infrastructure sensors

to monitor parking space in real-time and help traffic
management within the city.
Cont.…
● Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control
management, public announcement systems.
● Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-
ways with warning messages and diversions according
to climate conditions and unexpected events like
accidents or traffic jams.
● Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in
containers to optimize the trash collection routes.
Garbage cans and recycle bins with RFID tags allow the
sanitation staff to see when garbage has been put out.
IoT Based Smart Farming
● Green Houses: Control micro-climate
conditions to maximize the production of
fruits and vegetables and its quality.
● Compost: Control of humidity and
temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw,
etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial
contaminants.
● Offspring Care: Control of growing
conditions of the offspring in animal
farms to ensure its survival and health.
Cont.…
● Field Monitoring:
● Reducing spoilage and crop waste
● Better control of fertilizing, electricity and watering.
● Animal Farming/Tracking:
● Location and identification of animals grazing in open
pastures or location in big stables,
● Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and
detection of harmful gases from excrements.
 Cattle monitoring and management: there are IoT
agriculture sensors that can be attached to the animals
on a farm to monitor their health and log
performance.
Cont.…
 It helps identify sick animals so they can be pulled
from the herd, preventing the spread of disease.
For reference and Tutorial use
“seadi media” channel
on YouTube.
Thank
You!
Review Questions
1. Write the 2020 conceptual framework formula of IoT.
2. List at least three most important features of IOT.
3. What are the three types of Interactions in IoT.
4. A __________device is used between device and cloud in the
device-to-gateway communication model.
5. _____________communication model is generally used in
home automation.
6. What are the three main capabilities of IOT device?
7. _________is used for measuring the distance traveled by a
body starting from its reference position.
8. _________is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks
for the users.