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Gaseous State

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8 views

Gaseous State

Uploaded by

ashfaaqm300
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GASEO

US .

STATE
It is well known that matter exists in different forms in our
surroundings. The detailed forms of matter studied are solids,
gases and liquids. The best example of a substance that is
present in different states is water. It is solid ice, gaseous vapor
or steam and liquid water depending on the temperature and
pressure conditions. This is due to the difference in the
intermolecular forces and distances. The occurrence of three
different phases is due to the difference in the two major
forces, the force which tends to tightly hold molecules i.e.,
forces of attraction and the disruptive forces obtained from the
thermal energy of molecules.

Factors that determine a state:


• The forces (inter/intramolecular) holding particles
together
• The kinetic energy present (the energy an object
possesses due to its motion of the particles)
• Gases have a higher kinetic energy because their
particles move a lot more than in a solid or a liquid
• As the temperature increases, there gas particles
move faster, and thus kinetic energy increases.
PROPERTIES OF GASES
The main characteristics of gases are:

•Gases do not have a definite shape or volume and occupy the complete volume of
the container.
•Gases have great expansibility. They expand themselves to whatever extent that
they fill the whole container in which they are present.
•Gases are highly compressible. They can be compressed by applying pressure and
can fill themselves in a very minimal space.
•Gases exert pressure in all directions of the container. it can be easily noticed in a
balloon of gas.
•Gases are highly diffusible. When a mixture of gases is present, each gas can
diffuse easily within the other and form a homogeneous mixture.
Intermolecular Forces
The intermolecular force between molecules of gaseous elements is
negligible. Hence these forces between the molecules in gas make it the
most compressible state of matter. The various characteristics associated
with a gas also depend on the physical conditions faced by that gas.
Hence physical conditions like temperature, pressure, or density may
have a contradicting effect on a gas’s behavior. At unchanged conditions,
a gas follows an Ideal behavior but as the conditions start changing,
Highly Compressible
Gases are highly
compressible. As the
molecules in gaseous
elements are scattered at a
large distance as
compared to the other two
states (solid and liquid),
these are highly
compressible. The large
intermolecular distance in
the gaseous state
decreases with increasing
pressure. Therefore this not
only decreases their volume
but also brings
STP

STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure
0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
TEMPERATURE: KELVIN SCALE
• Always use absolute temperature (Kelvin) when working
with gases.

ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373

 C K  273 K = ºC + 273
WHY THE KELVIN SCALE?

• Not everything freezes at 0oC, but for ALL substances,


motion stops at 0K.

• It eliminates the use of negative values for


temperature! Makes mathematic calculations
possible (to calculate the temp. twice warmer than -
5oC we can’t use 2x(-5oC) because we would get -
10oC!)
KINETIC THEORY
Kinetic theory of gases and kinetic gas equation first-time developed by Bernoulli in
1738 to derive the molecular properties of gas molecules on the basis of the ideal gas
law and mechanical energy. Molecules in the gaseous state of matter move at very
large speeds and the forces of attraction are not sufficient to bind the molecules in one
place which is given in the picture, The hypotheses of the kinetic theory of gases are-
 All gases contain plenty of particles that are tiny with point masses termed molecules.
 The gas molecules are very tiny and away from each other to the extent that the
volume occupied by the gas molecules is insignificant compared to the complete
volume of gases.
 The gas molecules move randomly due to which collision between each other and also
on the faces of the vessel or container occurs. This collision is elastic in nature i.e., no
energy loss or exchange takes place.
 The molecules are independent of each other i.e. there is no sort of force within the
gas molecules.
 The pressure of the gas obtained in the container is because of pressure exerted by the
molecules on the container sides.
KINETIC THEORY
Based on these postulates, the kinetic gas
equation is also derived and given as:

where, P and V denote the pressure and


volume of the gas, m denotes the mass of
the gas molecule, N for the quantity of gas
molecules in an integer and C for velocity
taken by the root mean square of gas
molecules. The average of the squares of all
molecular velocities such as C1, C2, C3 ….
CN taken by square root gives root mean
square
Root velocity.
mean square speed or RMS is defined as the square root of the
average of the squares of speeds of the gases. The kinetic gas
equation and ideal gas law may be used to formulate the RMS
GAS LAWS
BOYLE’S LAW

When a filled balloon is squeezed, the volume occupied by the air inside the balloon decreases. This is
accompanied by an increase in the pressure exerted by the air on the balloon, as a consequence of Boyle’s
law. As the balloon is squeezed further, the increasing pressure eventually pops it. An illustration
describing the increase in pressure that accompanies a decrease in the volume of a gas is as provided.
CHARLES'S LAW
CHARLES'S LAW
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure states that the total pressure of a mixed
gas is the sum of the pressure of each individual gas in the mixture. The
partial pressures of the gas are proportional to the amount of that
individual gas there is in the mixture.
It may be expressed by...

PT= P(1) + P(2) + P(3)…


THANK YOU

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