Transmission of Digital DATA : Interfaces and Modems

Kyung Hee University

Transmission of Digital Data: Interfaces and MODEMs

6.1 Digital Data Transmission 6.2 DTE-DCE Interface 6.3 Other Interface Standards 6.4 MODEM

Kyung Hee University

6.1 Digital Data Transmission

t Primary concern when considering the transmission of data from one device to another is the wiring

Kyung Hee University

Digital Data Transmission(contd)

t Parallel Transmission By grouping, we can send data n bits at a time instead of one

speed expansive

Kyung Hee University

Digital Data Transmission(contd)

t Parallel transmission

Kyung Hee University

Digital Data Transmission(contd)

t Serial Transmission
one bit follows another

channel, require interface converter

Kyung Hee University

Digital Data Transmission(contd)

t Serial Transmission

Kyung Hee University

Digital Data Transmission(contd)

t Asynchronous Transmission
send one start bit(0) at the beginning and one or more stop bits(1) at the end of each byte
eg) the connection of a terminal to a computer cheap and effective

Kyung Hee University

Asynchronous here means asynchronous at the byte level, but the bits are still synchronized; their durations are the same.

Kyung Hee University

Digital Data Transmission

t synchronous transmission
Sending bits one after another without start/stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits The receiver counts the bits as they arrive and groups them in eight-bit units

t : (speed)

Kyung Hee University

10

6.2 DTE-DCE Interface

t DTE(Data Terminal equipment) t DCE(Data Circuit-terminating Equipment)

Kyung Hee University

11

DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t DTE(Data Terminal Equipment)
~ is any device that is a source of destination for binary digital data terminal microcomputer computer printer fax machine and so on

Kyung Hee University

12

DTE-DCE Interface(contd) t DCE (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment)

~

is any device (functional unit) that transmits or receives data in the form of an analog or digital signal through a network
Modulator/demodulator

Kyung Hee University

13

DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t Standards
defining the connection between a DTE and DCE

Kyung Hee University

14

DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t Standards
EIA (Electronic Industries Association)
q q q

EIA-232 EIA-442 EIA-449 V series X series

ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Sector)

q q

Kyung Hee University

15

DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t EIA-232(RS-232)
defining the mechanical, electrical and functional characteristics

t mechanical
defining the interface as a 25-wire cable with a male (plug) and a female (receptacle) DB-25 pin connector length may not exceed 15m(50 feet)

t electrical specification
define voltage levels and the type of signal(NRZ-L)

Kyung Hee University

16

DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t sending the data
To be recognized as data, the amplitude of a signal must fall between 3 and 15 volts or between 3 and 15 volts

Kyung Hee University

17

DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t control and timing
Only 4 wires out of 25 available in an EIA-232 interface are used for data functions Signals must be sent using OFF less than 3 volts and ON greater than +3 volts

Kyung Hee University

18

DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t Functional Specification

Kyung Hee University

19

DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t synchronous full-duplex transmission

Kyung Hee University

20

DTE-DCE Interface(contd)

Kyung Hee University

21

DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t Null Modem
not needed to connect two compatible digital devices directly

t Using regular data pin connections with and without DCEs

Kyung Hee University

22

DTE-DCE Interface(contd)
t Crossing Connections t Null modem pin connection

Kyung Hee University

23

6.3 Other Interface Standards

t needs more speed and/or distance
EIA-449 EIA-530 X.21

Kyung Hee University

24

Other Interface Standards(contd)

t EIA-449
DB-37 pin DB-9 pin

t DB-37 and DB-9 connections

Kyung Hee University

25

Other Interface Standards(contd)

t Pin Functions
category I pins
~ are compatible with those of EIA-232

category II pins
~ have no equivalent in EIA-232

Kyung Hee University

26

Other Interface Standards(contd)

t DB-37 pins Pin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Functions
Shield Signal rate indicator Unassigned Send data Send timing Receive data Request to send Receive timing Clear to send Local loopback Data mode Terminal ready Receive ready Remote loopback Incoming call Select frequency Terminal timing Test mode Signal ground

Category
I I I I I I II I I I II II I II

Pin
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

Functions
Receive Common Unassigned Send data Send timing Receive data Request to send Receive timing Clear to send Terminal in service Data mode Terminal ready Receive ready Select ready Signal quality New signal Terminal timing Standby indicator Send common

Category
II I I I I I I I II I I I II II I II II

Kyung Hee University

27

Other Interface Standards(contd)

t DB-9 pins

Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Kyung Hee University

Function Shield Secondary receive ready Secondary send data Secondary receive data Signal ground Receive common Secondary request to send Secondary clear to send Send common

EIA-232 Equivalent

1 14 16 7 12 19 13

28

Other Interface Standards(contd)

t Electrical specification : RS-423 and RS-422
EIA-449 uses two other standards to define its electrical specification

RS-423 (unbalanced circuits)

RS-422 (balanced circuits)

Kyung Hee University

29

Other Interface Standards(contd)

t RS-423 : Unbalanced Mode

Kyung Hee University

30

Other Interface Standards(contd)

t RS-422 : Balanced Mode

Kyung Hee University

31

Other Interface Standards(contd)

t Canceling of noise using balanced mode

Kyung Hee University

32

Other Interface Standards(contd)

t EIA-530
is a new version of EIA-449 that uses DB-25 pins

Kyung Hee University

33

Other Interface Standards(contd)

t X.21
~ is an interface designed by the ITU-T to address many of the problems
existing in the EIA eliminating most of the control circuits of the EIA standards

DB-15 connector

Byte timing (pins 7 and 14) : byte synchronization Control and indication

Pin 3 : equivalent of request to send Pin 5 : equivalent of clear to send

Kyung Hee University

34

Other Interface Standards

t DB-15 pins

Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Function Shield Transmit data or control Control Receive data or control Indication Signal element timing Bye timing Signal ground
Kyung Hee University

Pin 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Function Transmit data or control Control Receive data or control Indication Signal element timing Byte timing Reserved

35

6.4 MODEMs
t the most familiar type of DCE

Kyung Hee University

36

MODEMs(contd)
t MODEM
stands for modulator/demodulator

Modulator : converts a digital signal to an analog signal

q

using the digital-to-analog mechanism of ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM

Demodulator : converts an analog signal to a digital signal

Kyung Hee University

37

MODEMs(contd) t Transmission Rate

Bandwidth
q

Each line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequencies of the signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth

Kyung Hee University

38

MODEMs(contd)
t Telephone line bandwidth

Used for voice

Used for data

A telephone line has bandwidth of almost 3000 Hz

Kyung Hee University

39

MODEMs(contd)
t Modem speed
The bandwidth required for ASK transmission is equal to baud rate of signal in half-duplex ASK, because the effective bandwidth of a telephone line is 2400Hz, the maximum bit rate is also 2400.

Kyung Hee University

40

MODEMs(contd)
t Baud rate in full-duplex ASK

Although ASK has a good bit rate, it is not used today because of noise

Kyung Hee University

41

MODEMs(contd)
t FSK(Frequency Shift Keying)
Baud rate in half-duplex FSK

Baud rate in full-duplex FSK

Kyung Hee University

42

MODEMs(contd)
t PSK and QAM Theoretical bit rates for modems

Encoding
ASK, FSK, 2-PSK 4-PSK, 4-QAM 8-PSK, 8-QAM 16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM 128-QAM 256-QAM
Kyung Hee University

Half-Duplex
2400 4800 7200 9600 12,000 14,400 16,800 19,200

Full-Duplex
1200 2400 3600 4800 6000 7200 8400 9600
43

MODEMs(contd)
t Modem Standards
Bell modem
q

The first commercial modems in the early 1970s

ITU-T modem

Kyung Hee University

44

MODEMs(contd)
t Bell Modems(contd)

For flow control or error control

Kyung Hee University

45

MODEMs(contd)
t Bell Modems
212 --> 201 : Same technology, data rate double

Kyung Hee University

46

MODEMs(contd)
t ITU-T Modem Standards(contd)

Kyung Hee University

47

MODEMs(contd)
t ITU-T Modem Standards

Kyung Hee University

48

MODEMs(contd)
t ITU-T/Bell Compatibility

ITU-T V.21 V.22 V.23 V.26 V.27 V.29

Bell 103 212 202 201 208 209

Baud Rate 300 600 1200 1200 1600 2400

Bit Rate 300 1200 1200 2400 4800 9600

Modulation FSK 4-PSK FSK 4-PSK 8-PSK 16-QAM

Kyung Hee University

49

MODEMs(contd)
t Intelligent Modems
~ contain software to support a number of additional function,

such as automatic answering and dialing

AT Command[parameter] command[parameter] Ex) ATDT4088648902

Kyung Hee University

50

MODEMs(contd)
t AT commands

Command A B D E H L P T
Kyung Hee University

Meaning Put modem in answer mode Use V.22bis at 1200 bps Dial the number Enable/disable echo printing Put modem on/off hook Adjust speaker volume Use pulse dialing Use tone dialing

Parameters

The number to dial 0 or 1 0 or 1 n

51