http://www.nearingzero.net (nz136.

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If there s toast in the toaster and no one sees it, is there really toast in the toaster? Check with your local quantum physicist before you answer!

Announcements
Reminder: if you have not yet done so, provide me the necessary information about your Exam 1 special requirements (late exam, test center accommodations, official University event conflict). See lecture 4 for details. Test center notification required this week, memos due next week.

& & * E ! E dA is the definition of electric flux through a

surface.

& & If appropriate, you should use * E ! E A or one of the

other simpler versions.
I won t make that an OSE because it is not always valid.

Announcements (continued)
If you are going to miss recitation, let your recitation instructor know, but that will not necessarily excuse you from boardwork and will not excuse you from turning in homework. Find a way to get your homework to your recitation instructor The above was presented in the context of a temporarily debilitating illness and is not a blanket excuse to skip recitation, and is absolutely not authorization to turn in all your homework electronically. You are expected to attend recitation!

Today s agenda: Electric potential energy.

You must be able to use electric potential energy in work-energy calculations.

Electric potential.
You must be able to calculate the electric potential for a point charge, and use the electric potential in work-energy calculations.

Electric potential and electric potential energy of a system of charges.

You must be able to calculate both electric potential and electric potential energy for a system of charged particles (point charges today, charge distributions next lecture).

The electron volt.

You must be able to use the electron volt as an alternative unit of energy.

Definition and Really Important fact to keep straight.

(U ! U f  U i !  ?Wconservative Aipf

This definition is from Physics 23.

The change in potential energy is the negative of the work done by the conservative force which is associated with the potential energy (today, the electric force). If an external force moves an object against the conservative force,* and the object s kinetic energy remains constant, then

?Wexternal Aipf

!  ?Wconservative Ai pf

Always ask yourself which work you are calculating.

*for example, if you slowly pick up a book, or slowly push two negatively charged balloons together

Another Important Fact. Potential energies are defined relative to some configuration of objects that you are free to choose.
For example, it often makes sense to define the gravitational potential energy of a ball to be zero when it is resting on the surface of the earth, but you don t have to make that choice.

If I hold one proton in my right hand, and another proton in my left hand, and let them go, they will fly apart. (You have to
pretend my hands are physics hands they aren t really there.)

Flying protons have kinetic energy, so when I held them at rest, they must have had potential energy.

The electric potential energy of a system of two point charges q1 and q2, separated by a distance r12 is

q1q 2 1 q1q 2 U r12 ! k ! . r12 4TI0 r12

This is not a definition; it is derived from the definition of potential energy. The next slide, which I will skip in lecture, shows where this comes from.

Sooner or later I am going to forget and put in a 1/r2 dependence. Don t be bad like me.

Click here to skip the next slide.

Explanatory slide, for those who like to know where things come from.

q1q 2 Where does U ! k come from? r12

When we have a conservative force (amount of work done by the force is independent of path taken) we can define a potential energy. In Physics 23, you defined potential energy like this:

(U ! U f  Ui !  ?WC Ai pf

You may need to use this in homework for tomorrow!

We can show the electric force is a conservative force. Then using Coulomb s law, we write & rf & rf k q q 1 2 WE ! FE d " ! dr 2 ri ri r12 and do the integral to derive the expression for U. (We move one of the protons from
ri to rf and calculate the work to do that.)

Still Another Important Fact. Potential energies are defined relative to some configuration of objects that you are free to choose.
For example, it often makes sense to define the gravitational potential energy of a ball to be zero when it is resting on the surface of the earth, but you don t have to make that choice.
I told you the stuff above several slides back.

Our equation for the electric potential energy of two charged particles uses the convention that the potential energy is zero when the particles are infinitely far apart.
Does that make sense? It s the convention you must use if you want to use the equation for potential energy of point charges! If you use that equation, you are automatically using this convention.
Homework hint: if charged particles are initially far apart, their initial potential energy is zero. So how far is far?

Example: calculate the electric potential energy of two protons separated by a typical proton-proton intranuclear distance of 2x10-15 m. +1.15x10 What is the meaning of the + sign in the result?

-13 J

Example: calculate the electric potential energy of a hydrogen atom (electron-proton distance is 5.29x10-11 m). -4.36x10

-18

What is the meaning of the - sign in the result? Is that a small energy? I ll have more to say about the energy at the end of the lecture.

Remember conservation of energy from Physics 23? An object of mass m in a gravitational field has potential energy U(y) = mgy and feels a gravitational force FG = GmM/r2, attractive.
y

If released, it gains kinetic energy and loses potential energy, but mechanical energy is conserved: Ef=Ei. The change in potential energy is Uf - Ui = -(Wc)ipf. The gravitational force does + work.
What force does Wc? Force due to gravity.

Ui = mgyi yi x Uf = 0

graphic borrowed from http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/newtongrav.html

A charged particle in an electric field has electric potential energy.

++++++++++++++

It feels a force (as given by Coulomb s law).

+ E F

It gains kinetic energy and loses potential energy if released. The Coulomb force does positive work, and mechanical energy is conserved.

-------------------

Now your deep philosophical question for the day

If you have a great big nail to drive, are you going to pound it with a dinky little screwdriver?

Or a

hammer?

E f  E i ! ?Wother Aipf
The hammer equation. Prof. R. J. Bieniek

Numerical example. Two isolated protons are constrained to be a distance D = 2x10-10 meters apart (a typical atom-atom distance in a solid). If the protons are released from rest, what maximum speed do they achieve, and how far apart are they when they reach this maximum speed? 2.63x10 m/s
4

To be worked at the board. 2.63x104 m/s

Another way to calculate electrical potential energy.

(U E ! U Ef  U Ei !  ?WE Aipf
 ?WE Ai pf ! 
rf

The subscript E is to remind you I am talking about electric potential energy. After this slide, I will drop the subscript E.

ri

& & rf k q q 1 2 FE d " !  dr 2 ri r12

Move one of charges from ri to rf, in the presence the other charge.

The minus sign in this equation comes from the definition of change in potential energy. The sign from the dot product is automatically correct if you include the signs of q and q0.

(U E ! q1

rf

ri

& rf f & kq 2 dr ! q1 E 2dr ! q1 E 2 d " 2 ri i r12

Move q1 from ri to rf, in the presence of q2.

Generalizing:

& & U f  U i ! q E d "

f i

When a charge q is moved from one position to another in the presence of an electric field due to one or more other charged particles, its change in potential energy is given by the above equation.

I ve done something important here. I ve generalized from the specific case of one charged particle moving in the presence of another, to a charged particle moving in the electric field due to all the other charged particles in its universe.
i and f refer to the two points for which we are calculating the potential energy difference. You could also use a and b like your text does, or 0 and 1 or anything else convenient. I use i and f because I always remember that ((anything) = (anything)f (anything)i.

Quiz time (maybe for points, maybe just for practice!)

Today s agenda: Electric potential energy.

You must be able to use electric potential energy in work-energy calculations.

Electric potential.
You must be able to calculate the electric potential for a point charge, and use the electric potential in work-energy calculations.

Electric potential and electric potential energy of a system of charges.

You must be able to calculate both electric potential and electric potential energy for a system of charged particles (point charges today, charge distributions next lecture).

The electron volt.

You must be able to use the electron volt as an alternative unit of energy.

Now I m going to do something different, and introduce the electric potential. Electric potential energy is just like gravitational potential energy.
Except that all matter exerts an attractive gravitational force, but charged particles exert either attractive or repulsive electrical forces so we need to be careful with our signs.

Electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit of charge.

Electric Potential
In lecture 2 we defined the electric field by the force it exerts on a test charge q0: &

& F0 E = lim q0 p0 q 0

Similarly, it is useful to define the potential of a charge in terms of the potential energy of a test charge q0:

& U r & V r = lim q0 p0 q0

Later you ll get an Official Starting Equation version of this.

The electric potential V is independent of the test charge q0.

A point in space can have an electric potential even if there is no charge around to feel it.

U r 1 1 q1q 2 1 q2 V(r) ! ! ! q1 q1 4TI 0 r12 4TI0 r12

so that the electric potential of a point charge q is
Only valid for a point charge!

q1 is the test charge, q2 is the charge that gives rise to the potential that q1 feels. (q1 probes the potential)

1 q V r ! . 4TI0 r

Sooner or later I am going to forget and put in a 1/r2 dependence. Don t be bad like me.

electric potential of a point charge The electric potential difference between points a and b is

(U (V ! ! q0
E is likely due to a collection of point charges.

& & & rb F rb & ra !  E d " !  E d " . ra q ra q0 0 & f & (V !  E d "

i

rb

& & FE d "

One more starting equation

(U (V ! ! q0

rb

ra

& & FE d " q0

& & & rb F rb & E !  d " !  E d " . ra q ra 0

Copied from previous slide.

(U (V ! Vf  Vi ! q

Drop the subscript on the q0. It was there to remind us that q0 is the charge that feels the potential.

Very Handy Version:

(U ! q (V

A particle of charge q moved through a potential difference (V gains (or loses) potential energy q (V.

Things to remember about electric potential: y Electric potential and electric potential energy are related, but not the same. Electric potential difference is the work per unit of charge that must be done to move a charge from one point to another without changing its kinetic energy. y The terms electric potential and potential are used interchangeably.

& U r & . y The units of potential are joules/coulomb: V r = q0 1 joule 1 volt = 1 coulomb

Things to remember about electric potential: y Only differences in electric potential and electric potential energy are meaningful. It is always necessary to define where U and V are zero. In this lecture we define V to be zero at an infinite distance from the sources of the electric field. Sometimes (e.g., circuits) it is convenient to define V to be zero at the earth (ground). It will be clear from the context where V is defined to be zero, and I do not foresee you experiencing any confusion about where V is zero. Most equations for this chapter assume V=0 at infinite separation of charges.
Saying take V to be zero when the charges are far apart means it s OK to use the equations in this chapter.

Two conceptual examples. Example: a proton is released in a region in space where there is an electric potential. Describe the subsequent motion of the proton.
The proton will move towards the region of lower potential. As it moves, its potential energy will decrease, and its kinetic energy and speed will increase.

Example: an electron is released in a region in space where there is an electric potential. Describe the subsequent motion of the electron.
The electron will move towards the region of higher potential. As it moves, its potential energy will decrease, and its kinetic energy and speed will increase.

Simple numerical example. What is the potential due to the proton in the hydrogen atom at the electron s position (5.29x10-11 m away from the proton)? To be worked at the board.

27.2V

Today s agenda: Electric potential energy.

You must be able to use electric potential energy in work-energy calculations.

Electric potential.
You must be able to calculate the electric potential for a point charge, and use the electric potential in work-energy calculations.

Electric potential and electric potential energy of a system of charges.

You must be able to calculate both electric potential and electric potential energy for a system of charged particles (point charges today, charge distributions next lecture).

The electron volt.

You must be able to use the electron volt as an alternative unit of energy.

Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charges Electric potential energy comes from the interaction between pairs of charged particles, so you have to add the potential energies of each pair of charged particles in the system. (Could be a pain to calculate!)

Electric Potential of a System of Charges The potential due to a particle depends only on the charge of that particle and where it is relative to some reference point. The electric potential of a system of charges is simply the sum of the potential of each charge. (Much easier to calculate!)

Example: electric potential energy of three charged particles A single charged particle has no electrical potential energy. To find the electric potential energy for a system of two charges, we bring a second charge in from an infinite distance away:

r q1 q1 q2

U! 0
before

q1q 2 U! k r
after

To find the electric potential energy for a system of three charges, we bring a third charge in from an infinite distance away:

r12 q1 q2

r12 q1 r13 q3 after q2 r23

before

q1q 2 U! k r12

q1q 2 q1q 3 q 2q 3 U ! k   r13 r23 r12

We have to add the potential energies of each pair of charged particles.

Electric Potential of a Charge Distribution (details next lecture)

1 Collection of charges: VP ! 4TI 0

qi r. i i

P is the point at which V is to be calculated, and ri is the distance of the ith charge from P.

Charge distribution: dq

1 dq V! r . 4TI0
Potential at point P.
We ll work with this next lecture.

Example: a 1 QC point charge is located at the origin and a -4 QC point charge 4 meters along the +x axis. Calculate the electric potential at a point P, 3 meters along the +y axis.

P 3m q2 x

q1 q 2 qi VP = k = k + i ri r1 r2 110-6 -410-6 = 9109 + 3 5 = - 4.2103 V

4m

q1

Thanks to Dr. Waddill for the use of these examples.

Example: how much work is required to bring a +3 QC point charge from infinity to point P?
y q3 P 3m q2 x

Wexternal ! (E ! (K  (U
Wexternal ! (U ! q 3(V
0
3

Wexternal ! q 3 VP  Vg
4m

q1

Wexternal ! 3 v10

6

4.2 v10

Wexternal ! 1.26 v 103 J

The work done by the external force was negative, so the work done by the electric field was positive. The electric field pulled q3 in (keep in mind q2 is 4 times as big as q1). Positive work would have to be done by an external force to remove q3 from P.

Example: find the total potential energy of the system of three charges.
y q3 P 3m q2 x

q1 q 2 q1 q 3 q 2 q 3 U = k + + r13 r23 r12

q1

4m

 110-6 -410-6  110-6 310-6 -410-6 310-6 U = 9 v109 + + 4 3 5 U = - 2.16 v10-2 J

Today s agenda: Electric potential energy.

You must be able to use electric potential energy in work-energy calculations.

Electric potential.
You must be able to calculate the electric potential for a point charge, and use the electric potential in work-energy calculations.

Electric potential and electric potential energy of a system of charges.

You must be able to calculate both electric potential and electric potential energy for a system of charged particles (point charges today, charge distributions next lecture).

The electron volt.

You must be able to use the electron volt as an alternative unit of energy.

The Electron Volt An electron volt (eV) is the energy acquired by a particle of charge e when it moves through a potential difference of 1 volt.

(U= q(V 1 eV=  v 10-19 C 1 V 1.6 1 eV= 1.6 v 10-19 J

This is a very small amount of energy on a macroscopic scale, but electrons in atoms typically have a few eV (10 s to 1000 s) of energy.

Example: on slide 9 we found that the potential energy of the hydrogen atom is about -4.36x10-18 joules. How many electron volts is that?

1 eV U = -4.36 v 10 J = -4.36 v 10 J } -27.2 eV -19 1.6 v10 J

-18 -18

Hold it! I learned in Chemistry (or high school physics) that the ground-state energy of the hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. Did you make a physics mistake? The ground-state energy of the hydrogen atom includes the positive kinetic energy of the electron, which happens to have a magnitude of half the potential energy. Add KE+PE to get ground state energy.

Homework Hints!

You ll need to use starting equations from Physics 23!

Remember your Physics 23 hammer equation?

E f  E i ! ?Wother Ai pf
What goes into Ef and Ei? What goes into Wother?

This is also handy:

comment on 23.68 last part, if assigned

U f  U i !  ?Wc Ai pf

Demo (if not done last time): Professor Tries to Avoid Debilitating Electrical Shock While Demonstrating Van de Graaff Generator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator